Page 47 of 133 FirstFirst ... 3745464748495797 ... LastLast
Results 461 to 470 of 1323

Thread: Duke the menace

  1. #461
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    I couldn't be happier that you are OK, princess.

    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  2. #462
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  3. #463
    Gold Member
    artemis8's Avatar
    Join Date
    January 18th, 2012
    Location
    Kansas City, MO
    Posts
    1,093

    Re: Duke the menace

    haha, that page turning boy is funny.





  4. #464
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    I am going. I am going artemis8.

    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  5. #465
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    Quote Originally Posted by Duke of Buckingham View Post
    I am going. I am going artemis8.

    FASTER ... FASTER

    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  6. #466
    Gold Member
    artemis8's Avatar
    Join Date
    January 18th, 2012
    Location
    Kansas City, MO
    Posts
    1,093

    Re: Duke the menace

    zoom!





  7. #467
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    All that we do return to us.



    That place is mine, mine mine ...

    Last edited by Duke of Buckingham; 03-03-13 at 04:27 AM.
    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  8. #468
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    History of Lisbon I

    Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in Europe, having been founded over three millennia. It along with Setúbal, Alcacer do Sal and some cities in the Algarve of Portugal's oldest and also the second oldest capital of the European Union, after Athens, older than Rome for four centuries.

    His story circulates around its strategic position at the mouth of the largest river of the Iberian Peninsula, the Tagus, its natural harbor to be best for the refueling of boats that trade between the North Sea and the Mediterranean, besides its proximity in the far south and west of Europe, with new continents Saharan Africa and America.

    Prehistory

    There are traces of human occupation in the area that is now Lisbon's many thousands of years ago, attracted by the river Tagus. The first human inhabitants of the region would have been Neanderthals, extinct for over 30,000 years by the arrival of modern man to the Peninsula. During the Neolithic period, the peoples of the Iberian West are among the pioneers in the construction and dissemination of religious function of megaliths, and did so in the region, like other peoples of Atlantic Europe: dolmens, menhirs and cromlechs have been common and some are still here.

    Origins: The Oestrimni and Ofiússa; Tartéssicos, Phoenicians and Celts

    Legend has it that the popular and romantic city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Odysseus. The Oestrimnios are given as the first known indigenous people of Portugal. Oestremni mean (the people) far west. They extended their territory of Galicia to the Algarve. The first documented invasion occurred long before the birth of Christ, when Ofis and other tribes entered the Iberian peninsula and colonized the fertile lands of Oestreminis, near the rivers Douro and Tagus River.

    Recently archaeological finds were made near the Castle of Sao Jorge and Lisbon Cathedral evidence that the city may have been founded or visited by the Phoenicians around 1200 BC, and now there previously, they traded with and was related. At this time the Phoenicians traveled to the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall, in Britain, to buy tin to the natives.

    The Sea of ​​Straw or Tagus estuary is the best natural harbor in the river route and an important route for trade in food and metals with the tribes of the interior, having been theorized, perhaps precisely because of this, the foundation of a colony called Alis Ubbo that the Phoenician language means "safe harbor" or "mild cove" (and probably goddaughter of the great city of Tyre, Lebanon). The colony extended from the hill of what are now the Castle and Cathedral, to the river, they called Daghi or Taghi (meaning "good fishing" in Phoenician).

    Another theory holds the origin of its name in toponymy Celtic or pre-Celtic river Tejo. In its original name, or Lisso Lucio, would have been added the suffix Tartéssico.

    With the development of Carthage, a Phoenician colony, control or business contact with narrower Olisipo went to that city. For centuries, Phoenicians and Carthaginians have developed or established relationships with the city from what was a simple trading post for commerce in the northern seas, to an important market where they exchanged their products manufactured by metals, salt fish and salt from the region and the tribes contacted via the Tagus river. The horses, ancestors the current Lusitanian horses were already so famous in the Mediterranean for its speed, and Pliny claimed that the mares Tagus should be fertilized by the wind.

    The early Jews (Hebrews) may have arrived with the Phoenicians, their neighbors. The Hebrew is virtually identical to the Phoenician and it was rare that the boat was not carrying Phoenician merchants or members of the Kingdom of Israel.

    With the arrival of the Celts, they mingled with the Iberians local people, giving rise to Celtic-speaking tribes of the region, or Conni Cinetes the Saefes and Cempsi.

    The ancient Greeks were probably at the mouth of the Tagus a trading post for some time, but his conflict with the Carthaginians throughout the Mediterranean undoubtedly led to its abandonment due to the greater power of Carthage in the region at that time.

    Moreover, the suffix "ippo" (ipo) is characteristic of influence areas tartéssica or turdetana.

    The gods Aracus, carneus, and Bandiarbariaicus Coniumbricenses were venerated in "Lisbon" in pre-Roman, by Turduli the region.

    Olissipo: Roman Lisbon

    Olissipo allied to the Romans when they led by Decimus Junius Brutus, sought to conquer the Lusitano and other peoples of the Northwest Peninsular. The townspeople fought alongside the Legions against these Celtic tribes. In exchange was awarded the title of Roman citizens and the city wide autonomy as Roman Municipality. Was included in the province of Lusitania, headed by Emerita Augusta.

    The town was located between Castle Hill and Low, but the more riverine areas were still submerged at that time Tagus. Olissipo in Roman times was an important commercial center, making the link between the Mediterranean and northern provinces. Its main products were the garum, a fish sauce luxury, the salt and the famous Lusitanian horses.

    The city was a major center of the introduction and development of Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula. The first bishop was St. Gens Lisbon.

    Invasions and the Germans

    The degeneration of the Empire, and feudalization society led to the first Roman invasions of Germanic peoples, Huns and others. Initially accepted as settlers in desertified land by terrible epidemics that killed much of the population at that time (probably of Smallpox and Measles), quickly became on military expeditions for purposes of plunder and conquest.

    At the beginning of the fifth century the Vandals (who then retire to North Africa) take Olissipo, followed by the Alans. In 419 Olissipo was looted and burned by the Goths Tribal King Walia, Remismundo won Lisbon in 468 with the help of a Spanish-Roman Lusidius (a Lisbon citizen), and finally in 469 is integrated in the United Suevo whose capital was Braga. After the invasion of the Visigoths, they settle in Toledo and after several wars during the sixth century, conquered the Suevi, unifying the Iberian Peninsula, including the city they called Ulishbona.

    During this troubled time, Lisbon loses political ties with Constantinople, but not commercial. Merchants Greeks, Syrians, Jews and others from the East, form communities that exchange local products with the Byzantine Empire, Asia and India.

    Al-Ushbuna: Lisbon Muslim

    After three centuries of plundering, looting and loss of dynamic commercial Ulishbuna would be little more than a village at the beginning of the seventh century. This is where, taking advantage of a civil war Hispanic Visigothic kingdom, the Arabs led by Tariq invade the Iberian Peninsula with its Moorish troops in 711. Olishbuna was conquered by the troops of Abdelaziz ibn Musa, one of the sons of Tariq, as well as the rest of the West.

    Again Lisbon, known by the Arabs as al-Ushbuna, becomes a major commercial and administrative center for the lands along the Tagus, gathering their products and exchanging them for the Mediterranean Arab products, particularly Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria and Iraq. On current estimates the city would have at its peak in the tenth century, more than 100,000 inhabitants, and Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Cordoba and Seville, was one of the largest cities in Europe, many times larger than Paris and London, which at full Age Average people would have just 5-10000.

    Most of the people took the Arabic language and the Muslim minority invader that installs itself as elite. The Christian population, Mozarabic, with its own Bishop follows the Mozarabic rite of Visigothic traditions, speakers of Arabic or a variety of Vulgar Latin, the Mozarabic, romance similar to spoken in Galicia and northern provinces, is tolerated as a in exchange dhimmi tax, the jizyah. This community Mozarabic rites and customs which followed Christian Visigothic is often rejected when it comes into contact with Catholics. Were the Mozarabic that led to the remains Lisbon St. Vincent, who became the patron of the city.

    The Jewish community that existed since the founding of the city by the Phoenicians, is greatly enhanced by the Jews settled there as merchants and financial profiting with the elevation of the prominent city and commercial hub. In addition to salt, fish and horses, traded up the spices from the Levant, medicinal herbs, dried fruit, honey and furs. The Saqaliba become part of the population and have a prominent position. The Slavic Sabur al-Saqlabi becomes, during what was known as regulus Slavic, ruler of the taifa of Badajoz, and their sons Abd al-Aziz ibn Sabur and Abd al-Malik ibn Sabur taifa rulers of Lisbon.

    Al-Ushbuna is renovated and rebuilt in accordance with the standards of the Middle East: a large mosque, a castle on top of the hill (which in modified form became the Castelo de Sao Jorge), a palace for the Governor or (fortress) almedina one or urban center and a Alcacer. The Alfama district grows alongside the original urban core. The citadel of al-Madan, the current Almada is founded on the south bank of the river to protect the city.

    The Arabs and Berbers introduced around the city its irrigated agriculture, which is much more productive than the previous methods of dryland. The waters of the Tagus and its tributaries are used to irrigate the land in summer, producing several crops a year as lettuces and vegetables and fruits such as oranges.

    Politically, the beginning, the city is part of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus, Syria. It consists of a large chronic rebellion of Berber or "Moors" facing the elite of Saudi Arab in 740, who needed reinforcements for the Caliphate be deleted. The city is then subjected to the Caliphate of Cordoba, in which the survivors gain independence Umayyad Caliphate of the new Egyptian Abbasid.

    With the beginning of the Reconquista, the opulent al-Ushbuna is a target of the raids Christians, who plunder the city first in 796 and other occasions in the following years, led by King Alfonso II of Asturias, but the border remains north of the Douro. In 844 several dozen boats of the Vikings emerge in the Sea of ​​Straw, and Scandinavians provide the siege, conquered the city and the surrounding fields, which are for 13 days. But the Vikings eventually from the face of continued resistance townspeople led by Allah ibn Hazme.

    At the beginning of X century in al-Ushbuna arise various sects islmâmicas converts Hispanic population. These sects are forms of political organization with which the indigenous revolt against the obstacles put in his social ascent by a hierarchical system in which first came to the small elite descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, after the Arab thoroughbred, then Berbers or Moors and then Latinos Arabized and Muslim. Several Latino leaders emerge, as Ali ibn Ashra and others, who claim to be prophets or descendants of Ali (Shia) than with allies in other cities start civil wars with Sunni Arab troops. The Mozarabic were treated even worse in a way, like the Jews, sometimes suffering persecution that although regrettable to modern eyes, were a pale image of what Catholics would not only against Muslims and Jews, but even against Christians themselves not Catholics reconquered lands.

    New Viking attack following would unsuccessfully in 966. The King of Asturias Ordonho I pillage the city again in the mid-ninth century, as Alfonso VI of León in 1093, which he retained in his Kingdom of León for two years, after conquering the city of al-Santaryn or Santarém.

    With the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Cordoba around the year 1000 with the infighting, the notables of al-Ushbuna oscillate between obedience to the Taifa of Badajoz or Seville, managing to maneuver to obtain considerable autonomy. However in 1111 a new pan-Hispanic Caliphate is established by invasion from the deserts of Morocco Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf, whose troops are fought only in the region of Tomar Gualdim for Parents. This lasts for a short time until the return time of the division of Taifas and autonomy and prosperity of al-Ushbuna
    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  9. #469
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    History of Lisbon II
    Crusades: Portugal conquest Lisbon

    While the Islamic Taifas South fragmented, the North was based on the Portucalense the Kingdom of León, already in full Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Although based in Guimarães, the economic strength that allowed Portucalense autonomy was in Oporto (or Portucale port city of Cale, the current Gaia). The new kingdom, recently centered in Coimbra, would eventually attach Lisbon, integrating the entire line of the Tagus.

    Famous and opulent, the city would give the kingdom quite prestigious. The first attempt of Dom Afonso Henriques to conquer al-Ushbuna gave up in 1137 and failed in the face of the city walls. In 1140 leverages the Crusaders who were in Portugal to new attack that failed again.

    Only in June and July 1147, with the help of a force of crusaders more numerous, about 164 boats full of men, can be successful. While their Portuguese forces attacked the land, the Crusaders, mostly English and Normans, lured by promises of free loot, set up their siege engines like catapults and towers, and attacked both by sea and prevented the arrival of reinforcements from southern. At first encounters Muslims killing many mature Christians, and moral crusaders is affected, occurring several bloody conflicts between the various groups of Christians.

    Says The Legend, that after many attempts, a door is brake open from the Portuguese Martim Moniz and keep it open with his body allowing his companions to enter, even dying crushed by it. Most likely with the help of machines of siege, the walls are exceeded on 23 October 1147. According Osbernus, after entering the city, and the Flemish colonienses not respect the oath or word given to the king of Portugal and sack the city, acting without respect against maidens and cut the neck of the bishop of the city. After the conquest of the city, an epidemic of plague decimates thousands of lives among the Mozarabic and Muslims.

    Dom Afonso Henriques officially takes possession of the city on 1 November, when a religious ceremony, transform the great mosque of seven summits, the Aljama in the Lisbon Cathedral. The Bishop Gilbert of Hastings is a crossover English, and many of the most prominent crusaders are donated lands and titles of the region. St. Anthony was born in 1195 in the city by the name of Fernando de Bouillon.

    The King would give the Charter in 1179, and try to recover the city's trade links inaugurating a large new market or fair. The result of these efforts is that Portuguese merchants Christians or Jews not only contain some of the ancient trade links al-Ushbuna, as in Andalusia (Seville and Cádiz), and the Mediterranean to Constantinople, and open up new avenues for ports Northern Europe, Muslims rarely visited due to ideological differences. In fact the first of Lisbon Medieval Christian vocation is once again the mediation of trade between the North Sea and the Mediterranean, but thanks to advances in ocean navigation volumes are increasing. Portuguese merchants open houses in Seville, Southampton, Bruges and the Hansa cities, and Portuguese Jews continue to trade with their cousins ​​in North Africa. They change up the spices, silks and home remedies Mediterranean; gold, ivory, rice, alum, almonds and sugar bought from Arabs and Moors, along with olive oil, salt, wine, cork, honey and wax with the Portuguese textile wool or linen thin, tin, iron, dyes, amber, weapons, furs and crafts North. Are founded shipyards for the construction of commercial and military boats, which Armada is essential in protecting trade against the Saracen pirates. To meet the growing demand for increasingly large populations of Europe in the twelfth century and XIII Century, are stimulated innovations in the construction of boats, the boat that strong but clumsy pass, a synthesis of whether Christian, Viking and Arabic, for the caravel ( first reference in 1226), the first real Atlantic ship. The professions related to navigation, such as carpenters and sailors are given privileges and protection, including the creation of a Judge in Lisbon, the Alcaide of the Sea (1242).

    An indirect effect of all this dynamism Lisbon is the bane of German merchants, who did the same trade by having (a more expensive route but the only possible when the ships and their Muslim pirates controlled the south of Spain and the Straits of Gibraltar) between the Netherlands and Italy and Hansa and its ports. The Holy Roman Empire loses influence over their kingdoms, duchies and city-state constituents, and German merchants, hitherto masters of European trade, are forced to seek new markets in the east.

    Following this prosperity, and increased security in Lisbon with the final conquest of the Algarve in the thirteenth century, in 1256 Afonso III of Portugal notes the obvious and pick the largest and most powerful city of his kingdom for Capital, then moving to the Court Files and the Treasury (who were in Coimbra). Dinis, the first King to preside over all his reign in Lisbon, then create the University in 1290, which transferred to Coimbra in 1308 only due to increasing conflicts with the students of Lisbon. It is at this time that the area where today is the Palace Square is claimed from the sea via drains the already muddy terrain (river was free until the time of the conquest, but cemented due to deposits of the river). New streets are drawn, as Rua Nova, and Rossio becomes first city center, stealing that distinction to Castle Hill. Other buildings were Dinis a wall Cais da Ribeira new front against the pirates, and renovations Palace Arabic (the Alcazaba, destroyed in the 1755 earthquake) and the Cathedral

    Besides the Portuguese colonies in the cities of northern Europe, colonies of merchants from the rest of Europe set up in Lisbon, one of the most important cities in international trade. Not counting the Jews (which existed as Portuguese), the Genoese are the most numerous, followed by Venetians and other Italians, and Dutch and British. These merchants to bring Portugal new cartographic techniques and navigation techniques beyond banking, financial and otherwise known as the system of Mercantilism, plus knowledge of the origins of Asian luxury goods such as silks and spices, bringing Eastern Byzantine and Islamic .

    Politically tensions with Castile are counterbalanced with an Alliance signed in 1308, which continued uninterruptedly until today, with the main trading partner of Lisbon (and Port), England. The alliance forms one of the two sides of the Hundred Years War, on the other hand are beyond Castile France. At the time of Fernando de Portugal starts a war with Castile, and boats with cannons lisboetas are recruited as the Genoese an unsuccessful attack to Seville. In response the Spaniards lay siege to Lisbon, taking it in 1373, but are paid to retire. It is in the wake of this disaster that are built Great Walls Fernandinas Lisbon.

    Socially lived beneath all types of laborers and street merchants, as well as fishermen and farmers of vegetable gardens. This era are the various crafts Streets, in which corporations were organized mesteriais, directed by the Masters: Gold Street (silversmith); Rua da Prata (silver jewelers); Rua dos Fanqueiros; Street of the Shoemakers, Rua dos and mercers Rua dos Correeiros. These corporations were educated learners and social protection systems and control prices enjoyed by its members. The aristocracy, attracted by the court, drew up building large palaces, and played bureaucratic functions. But the most important class of Lisbon, even after gaining political functions as capital, was the merchants, the bourgeoisie that was the core strength of this commercial was the most important in Europe. They are the tycoons who control the trade city and its oligarchic County. It is because of these needs that are organized in the city professionals: bankers to coordinate the risks; men Laws to protect and handle your legal rights; experts and scientists to build their boats and navigation instruments. With his influence, can extract the Monarchy mercantilist measures that favor, and are a great impetus to explore new markets. The Company is founded Naus, a real insurance company that requires payment of fees required of all owners in exchange for sharing of losses after shipwrecks, organizing more than five hundred large ships of tycoons in town. With the increasing profits, the wealthiest merchants acquire titles of nobility, while the poorer nobles engage in trade.

    Among minorities, there were those of Jews and Muslims (Moors not only Arabs but Islamized and Latin Arabic language). There was a large Jewry occupying the parishes of St. Mary Magdalene, St. Julian and St. Nicholas, on Rua Nova and Merchants (where was the Great Synagogue). The Jews (perhaps 10% of the population, or even more) are great traders, with links to their coreligionists throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, and those who do not practice the trade are a big part of the literati, such as doctors, lawyers, cartographers and specialists in the sciences or arts. Its business is fundamental to the economic vitality of the city. Sephardic Jews of Lisbon entres include big names such as Abravanel. However they are forced to live separately, forbidden to go out at night, forced to wear badges in robes and extra pay taxes, and are always the first victims in situations of popular revolts.

    The ghetto was Mouraria correspondent for Muslims, containing the Grand Mosque. Yet there were prosperous and educated as Jews, since the Muslim elites had fled to North Africa, while the literate speakers of Portuguese Jews had no homeland. Most were workers with low skill level wages, and many Christians were slaves. They too had to use symbols in robes and pay extra taxes, and suffered the violence of the crowds. The term comes from the hick who paid excise Muslims who cultivated gardens in the city limits, the salaio; Lisboan well as the term comes from the cultivation of these plants by the Arabs, so little consumed in the North.

    However the city's prosperity would be interrupted. In 1290 occurs the first major historical earthquake, thousands of people died and many buildings are crumbling. New earthquakes recorded in 1318, 1321, 1334, 1337 and in 1344 a large part of which destroys the Cathedral and the Alcazaba, in 1346, 1356 (destroys another portion of the Cathedral), 1366, 1395 and 1404 all possibly resulting from adjustments in same flaw. Hunger arises in 1333 and in 1348 appears the first time the Black Death, which has killed half the population, with new outbreaks of lower mortality in each decade, as more people were born susceptible. These disasters destroyed in Lisbon as the rest of Europe vibrant Civilization of the Middle Ages, with its cathedrals and its universal spirit of Christianity, but paved the way for the emergence of the new civilization of Discovery and the new scientific spirit.

    Revolution

    The new chapter in the history of Lisbon born with the great revolution Crisis of 1383-85. After the death of Fernando de Portugal, the Kingdom would go to the King of Castile, John I of Castile. The great aristocrats and clerics North, owners of large estates in the South who acquired after the Reconquista, and had interests similar to those of Castilian culture with an emphasis on social distinctions based on possession of the land, in the spirit of crusade against the Moors in North Africa , and the benefits of the union of all Hispania. However these are not the interests of the merchants of Lisbon (many small gentry). For Lisbon, union with Castile mean a dilution of commercial links with Britain and the North, and also with the Middle East, as well as a diversion of attention of privileges to merchants and boat building trade and war for land armies and privileges to Noble. That's why small merchants and noblemen merchant initially supported the Master of Avis, D. John War of 1383 is at bottom a war between conservative Catholic and medieval aristocracy, and connected very similar to their counterparts Galician and Castillian, the former Portucalense centered in Minho (Except Bourgeois Porto, Lisbon ally, among other large cities personalities and North), and the wealthy merchants and pluralistic Lisbon. Nobles North had founded and conquered the country and for them the growing field of Lisbon threatened his supremacy as the alliance with the noble Castilians reestablished. For Lisbon, a city of commerce, feudal practices and land wars of Castilians were a risk to their business. Are the bourgeois who earn the fight with its British connections and huge capital: the Master of Avis is acclaimed John I of Portugal, winning the siege of Lisbon in 1384, and the Battle of Aljubarrota in leadership in 1385 against Nun'Álvares Pereira forces of Castile and the nobles of the North. The new Portuguese aristocracy is formed from merchants Lisboetas, and it is only from this date that the center is really Northern Portugal to Lisbon, Portugal becoming a sort of city-state, where almost only their interests determine the course and independence of the country.

    The new bourgeois nobles built their palaces and stately homes in the neighborhood of Santos, while others are the University buildings in Alfama, who returns to Lisbon; Carmo Church, Customs, and some of the first residential buildings throughout Europe with several floors to five. The town consists of narrow, winding streets, most of clay, where the houses alternate with gardens and orchards. The city continues to grow, and the abandonment of large irrigation techniques very productive Muslim means that you must import wheat from Castile, France, land of the Rhine and even Morocco. Lisbon is a city that grows too much for the country, and this becomes a surrounding territory similar to other commercial cities. Lisbon, Antwerp along with the Atlantic serve the same function as the trade organization that Venice, Genoa, Barcelona or Ragusa in the Mediterranean, or Hamburg, Lubeck and other Baltic. In 1417 it is forbidden to lie garbage near the Monastery of Mount Carmel and other areas of Lisbon. In 1426 another law prohibits throw garbage and let chickens loose in the streets of Lisbon under penalty of paying a fine.

    The foreign policy interests of Lisbon follows: are signed trade agreements and cooperation with the city-state of Venice trade agreement (1392), Genoa (1398), Pisa and Florence, whose merchants were already living in the city, and many of which are naturalized and become noble Portuguese. Is conquered Ceuta in 1415 to allow merchants Lisboetas better local control (and fight against pirates Saracens) of Mediterranean trade that passed north through the Pillars of Hercules and the Moroccan export wheat at better prices. Moreover, this time Ceuta received the caravans of gold and ivory trade that Lisboetas wanted to dominate, and it was feared the capture of the city by the Castilian or Aragonese rival Sevilla Barcelona. The alliance with Britain, one of its largest customers, is pursued.
    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



  10. #470
    Diamond Member
    Duke of Buckingham's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 14th, 2011
    Location
    Lisboa = Portugal
    Posts
    8,433

    Re: Duke the menace

    History of Lisbon III
    Lisbon, the Lady of the Seas

    Several expeditions were undertaken with Portuguese crews, which discovered the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries. Some will even argue that arrived in Brazil. These islands allow the establishment of new cities, ports, useful for exploring new markets.

    The prosperity of Lisbon is threatened when the Ottoman Empire invades and conquers the Arab territories in North Africa, Egypt and Middle East in the fifteenth century. The Turks are initially hostile to the interests of Lisbon and its allied Venice and Genoa, and the trade in spices, gold, ivory and other goods suffers heavily. The merchants of Lisbon, many descendants of Jews or Muslims with ties to North Africa, looking react to negotiate directly with the sources of these goods, without using mediators Muslims. Links from Portuguese and Maghreb Jews, and the conquest of Ceuta, allow Lisbon merchants from spying Arab merchants, discovering that gold, slaves and ivory caravans come to Morocco in the Sahara Desert, from the land of Sudan (which at that time included all the southern desert grasslands, the current Sahel), and spices such as pepper are brought into the ports of the Red Sea in Egypt from India. The new strategy of the Portuguese merchants, Christians and Jews, Italians and Portuguese-is navigate directly to the source material.

    The major driver of this objective is the Infante D. Henrique, based on the city of Tomar. Headquarters of the Order of Christ (former Templar), and a large community of Jewish merchants, the city is also very connected to Lisbon by trade in cereals and nuts (one of the main exports of Lisbon). Capital and knowledge of the East by the Knights Templar and Jews were undoubtedly fundamental to achieve the purposes of the Lisbon merchants. The Infante Dom Henrique is the booster of a project that was not what he imagined, but the merchants of Lisbon. Those that supported through monarchy taxes and customs fees, making it virtually independent of the noble territorial resources, convert them to their mercantilist purposes. The Prince Henrique is the organizer of a certain state dirigisme: the big risk and capital required for the opening of new routes need the cooperation of all merchants across the state (as today many large capital projects are undertaken internationally). The Infante Dom Henrique organizes and directs the efforts of the Portuguese ships to reach the sources of gold, ivory and slaves, that they themselves have waged inefficiently. With the capital of the Order of Christ, are founded schools sailors and concentrates resources and knowledge, the merchants Lisboetas Jews, Portuguese-Portugal-Venetian or Genoese, to achieve the objective. Several expeditions are launched in the form of contracts with some of the most influential bourgeois Lisbon, until the Gulf of Guinea is finally reached by 1460.

    At this time there is a new attempt by feudal nobles Northerners who remained, to retake control of United, frightened by the growing prosperity of the merchants lisboetas against their loss of income. The purpose is to ease the conquest of Ceuta, which opens prospects for relatively easy victories over North Africa. This company would be favorable to the nobles who serve and gain more land and tenants in Morocco, but it is contrary to the interests of the merchants and nobles-Jews of Lisbon, who would be paying extra taxes needed for expeditions and looking before investing forces and resources of the Kingdom in the discovery of new African and Asian markets and not in further increasing the power of the hostile and pro-Castilian nobility Portucalense. All fights that D. John II maintained against these nobles, with the help of merchants Lisboetas, express this underlying reality of struggle between Lisbon and the North, the former Portucale, birthplace of the nation, by the definition of the direction of the country. After several plots and incidents, in which once again the noble northerners call to aid their counterparts Castellanos, wins again Lisbon and its merchants, and the ringleaders are executed, including the Dukes of Bragança and Viseu, died in 1483 and 1484. All expansion projects are abandoned land in Africa in exchange for trade in newly discovered lands to the south. After the death of Prince Henry, when the path was already open, start up the private sector. The Lisbon merchant Fernão Gomes is the first and being recognized monopoly on African trade in 1469, in exchange for discovery of 500 kilometers of coastline to the South each year and 200,000 reais.

    The islands of Madeira and the Azores are populated, and programs for cultivating commercial products are deployed primarily to Lisbon: the cane sugar and wine. In newfound Guinea, cheap products like metal pots and tissues are exchanged for gold, ivory and slaves from factories controlled by lisboetas: the natives to move his business to trade with Europeans, but are not won since is costly. They make up the inhabitants of factories marriages with the daughters of local leaders, facilitating exchanges: the objective is profit and not colonization. The result is a boost for trade in Lisbon. In the capital appear cane sugar and Madeira wine, wheat Ceuta, musk, indigo and other dyes for clothing, cotton North Africa and significant quantities of gold from Guinea and the Gold Coast, largely missing in Europe in the late fifteenth century. Also are trafficked slaves brutally Berbers Canaries and then Africans. The first slaves are distributed by Portuguese territory, and appear the first dark-skinned Africans even in the hinterlands, the properties purchased by you. An innovative product were the peppers. These were spicy fruits grown in India (where they were taken by merchants Lisboetas) but originate from Guinea. Well this quickly monopoly Lisbon won favor in Mediterranean cuisine.

    However the best markets and products would come from another discovery, India and East. The war between the Ottoman Empire and Venice greatly increases the prices of pepper and other spices and silk brought to Italy by the Venetians, to Lisbon and thence to the rest of Europe from Egypt (who received boats from India Arabian Sea Red. To circumvent the "Turkish problem" is organized voyage of Vasco da Gama, again on the initiative of merchants Lisboetas but with regal capital, which arrives in India in 1498. Hence the merchants reach where China founded the colony trade Macau, the islands of Indonesia today, and Japan before the end of the sixteenth century. way in establishing contracts and commercial ports of call with the chiefs and kings in Angola and Mozambique. A large colonial empire is consolidated by Afonso de Albuquerque, whose gun safe and Indian Ocean ports in convenient locations for merchants from Lisbon against competition from the Turks and Arabs. territories are not taken but only ports and strong trade with the natives. Across the world, Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives in Brazil in 1500.

    The result for Lisbon are the new products it sells to the rest of Europe, exclusively for many years beyond the product arrives African pepper, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, herbs, cotton and diamonds by the Career das Naus India, spices from the Moluccas, the Ming porcelain and silk from China, slaves from Mozambique, Brazil wood and Brazilian sugar. Furthermore continues the trade in fish (salted cod fishery in Newfoundland), dried fruit and wine. The other Portuguese cities such as Lagos and Port, contribute to the foreign trade only marginally, practically limited to export and import of Lisbon. The control Lisboetas still very trade Antwerp, which care fabrics for the rest of Europe. The German and Italian merchants, seeing their routes, land in the first case, to the Mediterranean seconds, largely abandoned, found large business houses in Lisbon re-exporting products worldwide for East Europe and the Middle East.

    Lisbon is the market for luxury tastes of elites across Europe: Venice and Genoa up and ruin England and the Netherlands are obliged to imitate the Portuguese to halt the loss of foreign exchange. The Lisboetas control for several decades all trade from Japan to Ceuta. The city earns fame that comes myth, and in the sixteenth century is undoubtedly the richest city in the whole world. For her flock traders from across Europe, in addition to large numbers African slaves and even some Indian, Chinese and even Japanese and Brazilian Indians. In the time of King Manuel I, on the streets of Lisbon feasts are made with parades of lions, elephants, rhinos, camels and other animals not seen in Europe since the time of the Roman Circus. A rhinoceros and an elephant arriving even being offered to Pope Leo X (see Castle If). In Europe the myth of Lisbon and its discoveries is so great that when Thomas More invents its island of Utopia, try to give it credibility by saying that the Portuguese were to discover it.

    To organize all private trade and collect taxes, are created in the capital of the great sixteenth century Portuguese trading houses: the House of Mina, the House of Arguin, the House of Slaves, the House of Flanders (Netherlands) and the famous house of India. The big profits are used in the construction of other buildings: are this century Jeronimos Monastery and Belem Tower in New Manueline style (which evokes trade overseas), the Forte de São Lourenço Bugoi an island in the Tagus, Palace Square, the new and imposing Royal Palace (destroyed in 1755) and Arsenal military all built by the Sea (of straw), and even the Royal Hospital de Todos-os-Santos, and numerous private palaces and manor houses. The impetus for paving the streets with geometric shapes and designs formed by cubes of white limestone and black basalt (a cobblestone) was initiated at the time a luxury that other European cities could not afford. The city expanded to reach almost 200,000 inhabitants, being built Bairro Alto, initially known as Vila Nova Andrades in honor of the rich bourgeois Galicians who settled there, and that quickly becomes the richest neighborhood in town. It opened in 1552 at the Flea Market, which still functions today in the same location.

    To organize all private trade and collect taxes, are created in the capital of the great sixteenth century Portuguese trading houses: the House of Mina, the House of Arguin, the House of Slaves, the House of Flanders (Netherlands) and the famous House of India. The big profits are used in the construction of other buildings: are this century Jeronimos Monastery and Belem Tower in New Manueline style (which evokes trade overseas), the Forte de São Lourenço Bugoi an island in the Tagus, Palace Square, the new and imposing Royal Palace (destroyed in 1755) and Arsenal military all built by the Sea (the straw), and even the Royal Hospital de Todos-os-Santos, and numerous private palaces and manor houses. The impetus for paving the streets with geometric shapes and designs formed by cubes of white limestone and black basalt (a cobblestone) was initiated at the time a luxury that other European cities could not afford. The city expanded to reach almost 200,000 inhabitants, being built Bairro Alto, initially known as Vila Nova Andrades in honor of the rich bourgeois Galicians who settled there, and that quickly becomes the richest neighborhood in town. It opened in 1552 at the Flea Market, which still functions today in the same local.Culturalmente lives in Lisbon in the sixteenth century the golden generation of Portuguese Science and Letters: the humanist among scientists Damiao de Gois (friend of Erasmus and Luther) the mathematician Pedro Nunes, the physician and botanist Garcia da Orta and Duarte Pacheco Pereira; among writers Luís de Camões, Bernardim Ribeiro, Gil Vicente and others. Isaac Abravanel, one of the greatest philosophers Hebrews, is appointed Treasurer of the King

    Socially benefit all classes. The nobles of the city administration and the bourgeois Real are the most benefited, but even the people living with unattainable luxuries for the English, French or German contemporaries. The heavy work required is done by African slaves and the Galicians. The first are sold in Pillory Square, separated families, and work all day without pay, subject to some brutal treatment. The latter certainly made up for the trip to face miserable conditions of rural Spain, and the virtually identical language facilitated integration.

    The Jews always include some poor and others who are among the most educated and wealthy merchants, and financial literate city. The first book printed in Lisbon was the comments about the Pentateuch of Moses ben Nahman, a book in Hebrew, published by Eliezer Toledano in 1489. In 1496 the Spaniards expel the Jews from its territory, animated by the spirit of a fundamentalist Christian Monarchy exclusively. Many come to Lisbon, probably having doubled its population (after the expulsion would be one-fifth of Lisboetas or even more). In exchange for a royal wedding, the Catholic kings of Castile and Aragon ask Manuel I of Portugal to do the same, which takes place in 1497. Acknowledging the central importance of the Jews in the city's prosperity, Dom Manuel decrees that all Jews to convert to Christianity, was forced to expel those who refuse only, not before the expropriation of their property. [8] For many years these new Christians practicing Judaism in secret or openly and despite riots and violence against them (how many children are torn from their parents and given to Christian families who treat them like slaves) are tolerated until the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal, many years later. The result is the rise of the New Christian social temporarily, without the limitation of being Jewish, progress to the highest office of the court. Again the old elites are descendants of the ancient aristocracy of Asturias and Galicia (the nobles of Portucale) that create problems for the social ascent of Jews, often better educated and more skilled than the first. Ill-telling of the Christian Old culminates in the massacre of Christian-New in 1506 prompted by the Priors of the smaller churches in which some 3,000 people have been killed. As a result of the conflict, the king is persuaded by the territorial nobles to introduce the Inquisition (which only takes place in 1531 during the reign of his son and successor King John III |) and legal limitations to all descendants of New Christians ( similar to the old against the Jews), which prevent them from threatening the senior positions of the state of the Aristocracy Old Christians. The first auto-da-fe (death of heretics at the stake) is held at the Palace Square in 1540. Besides the Inquisition other problems arise. In 1569 there is the great Plague of London, which has a third of the population died.

    The inquisition on fire kills many New Christians but expropriating the property and wealth of many others. Many merchants are Christian-old also expropriated after an anonymous tip false, that the inquisitors accept as valid as the riches they revert to the condemned. On the other hand few merchants would not have New Christian ancestry, due to marriages common among children of burghers who were partners in major companies. The Inquisition thus becomes an instrument of social control in the possession of the former Old Christians against almost all merchants Lisboetas, finally restoring to them the supremacy long lost.

    It is in this climate of intolerance and persecution, in which the profits of the risks and the genius of successful merchants is undone by jealousy of the big landowners (who earn much less), that the prosperity of Lisbon is destroyed. The old liberal climate conducive to trade disappears and is replaced by a fanatical Catholic conservatism and absolute. The elites of the country requires the blood pure and ancient Old Christian, ie North. Many merchants fleeing to England or the Netherlands where they settle spreading the knowledge of the Portuguese naval and cartographic. Lisbon is taken by the feudal mentality of the great nobles, merchants and Portuguese, unconditional stability, security, support and credit due to the persecutions of the Inquisition, are unable to compete with the English and Dutch merchants (many of them of Portuguese origin) they rob the markets of India, the East Indies and China. In its place elites Portucale convince the feeble King, D. Sebastian turned to the conquest of a territorial empire, with more land and revenues for Noble, North Africa, enabling them to maintain economic supremacy compared to merchants. After the disaster of military Alcazarquivir in 1578, the Aristocrats gather up arms once more to their like-minded counterparts Castilians. This time successful, in 1580 the Spanish King Philip II of Spain is declared Don King Philip I of Portugal, after defeating the candidate of the weakened merchants, the Prior of Crato, Dom António (which was new and more liberal Christian, son of Jewish mother). Philippe full well the ambition of his father Habsburg King Carlos I of Spain also Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany), and Lord of most of Italy and the Netherlands famously claimed that If I were King of Lisbon, would be in soon King of the World.


    Filipino Domain and The Gold of Brazil for tomorrow on Lisbon History IV

    and sorry for my bad English
    Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever



Page 47 of 133 FirstFirst ... 3745464748495797 ... LastLast

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •