Duke the menace

[Duke of Buckingham]

“Appear weak when you are strong, and strong when you are weak.”
The Art of War


“Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer”
Sun Tzu


“Opportunities multiply as they are seized.”
Sun Tzu

[Duke of Buckingham]

He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not ask remains a fool forever.

Chinese Proverb

[Duke of Buckingham]

“In good times and bad times, I'll be on your side for ever more...that's what friends are for.”


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTcHT4zpAGs

[Duke of Buckingham]

“What kind of world is this that can send machines to Mars and does nothing to stop the killing of a human being?”

“Words were not given to man in order to conceal his thoughts.”

“Inside us there is something that has no name, that something is what we are.”

“I think we are blind. Blind people who can see, but do not see.”

Jose Saramago

[Duke of Buckingham]

Germany

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/060/cache/germany-profile_6023_600x450.jpg
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin

Photograph by Timothy Burk, My Shot

Once marking the turbulent division of East and West Berlin, the Brandenburg Gate now stands at the head of a pedestrian plaza just blocks from the German parliament. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, a physical and social reinvention has taken place throughout the city, visible in the bold lines of new architecture juxtaposing mementos of eras past.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/ballerinas-germany_9175_600x450.jpg
Ballerinas, Berlin

Photograph by Maria Helena Buckley, My Shot

Ballerinas prepare to hit the stage at a theater in Berlin. In the past decade, an emergence of world-class ballerinas and choreographers has led to a rising interest in German ballet.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/wangen-germany_9185_600x450.jpg
Wangen Town Center

Photograph by Paul Hogie, My Shot

Though post-Communist Germany has seen a rapid expansion of its capital and an embracing of modern architecture, many smaller towns—such as Wangen in the country’s south—preserve their cultural heritage with traditional storefronts and cobblestone alleys.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/oktoberfest-beer-festival_9183_600x450.jpg
Oktoberfest, Munich

Photograph by Miguel Villagran/Getty Images

Originated in 1810 as a wedding celebration for two Bavarian royals, Oktoberfest now marks the start of the harvest season each year. Instead of gathering corn, though, participants in the two-week-long festival gather in Munich to consume some 1.8 million gallons (7 million liters) of beer produced by local breweries.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/linderhof-castle-bavaria_9182_600x450.jpg
Bavaria Winter

Photograph by Iva Seto, My Shot

Snow creates a winter wonderland scene near Linderhof Castle in Bavaria, Germany's largest state. Mountain peaks and lakes dot Bavaria, which shares a border with Austria, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/rococo-court-chapel_9184_600x450.jpg
Residenz Palace, Würzburg

Photograph by Cotton Coulson

The extravagant rococo chapel of the Residenz Palace in Würzburg excites architecture buffs and novices alike. Designed by young architect Balthasar Neumann, the space surrounds visitors with an embrace of twisted columns and wavy walls punctuated by tall windows.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/library-cafe-berlin_9181_600x450.jpg
Café, Berlin

Photograph by Brooks Walker

Two decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the capital city of Germany has created its own blended culture in the art districts of Prenzlauer Berg and Mitte. A steady economic climb throughout Berlin has encouraged many small business owners to open shops in the city.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/holocaust-memorial-berlin_9180_600x450.jpg
Holocaust Memorial, Berlin

Photograph by Per Olof Stoltz, My Shot

Opened six decades after the end of World War II, Berlin’s Holocaust memorial draws visitors from all over the world who come to honor the approximately six million Jews killed during the war. A grid of 2,700 concrete slabs fills the five-acre (two-hectare) memorial site, creating a maze of alleyways for guests to explore.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/fall-food-germany_9177_600x450.jpg
Market Goods, Berlin

Photograph by Brooks Walker

Originally born in the year 1200 as a pair of trading villages, Berlin still enjoys markets full of local produce and wares for sale.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/berlin-wall-pieces_9176_600x450.jpg
Potsdamer Platz, Berlin

Photograph by Miguel Villagran/AP Photo

Once Europe’s liveliest intersection, Potsdamer Platz was reduced to rubble by Allied bombs and bisected by the Berlin Wall. Today, passersby can visit an outdoor exhibit displaying pieces of the wall that used to divide the country's capital.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/hainich-national-park_9178_600x450.jpg
Hainich National Park, Thüringen

Photograph by Norbert Rosing

Originally a military training camp for Soviet and German armies, Hainich National Park—set in the middle of a primeval forest in central Germany—now welcomes civilian visitors who walk its many trails.

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/091/cache/hofkirche-illuminated_9179_600x450.jpg
Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden

Photograph by Getty Images

After being severely damaged during World War II bombings, the ornately decorated Katholische Hofkirche, or Catholic Court Church, underwent significant reconstructions to restore its roof and upper levels.

[Mad Matt]

Don't ask me about the 'Oktoberfest'. No clue why the world identifies us with a horde of drunk Bavarians. :P

PS: if you want a real party with real straight folks, come to the Ruhr Area. ;)

[Duke of Buckingham]

Only small pieces and sights of Germany. Those photos are from National Geographic Collection. They have one to each country.

http://assets.rappler.com/F9468FAB47A04BBB870A0E58D82D697E/img/99F6E73EB36742AF8A333D1F394A0C5B/oktoberfest201209233b.jpg

One more for you from wild Oktoberfest.

[Mad Matt]

Pffft... :P

[Duke of Buckingham]

First they drink a lot and when they are drunk they catch the bull like that.

http://ma-schamba.com/ficheiros/Pega-por-MVF.jpg

Maybe he is crazy maybe he is drunk.

But for sure he is Portuguese.

Well they both are the bull is Portuguese either.

[Duke of Buckingham]

The beauty of simplicity. From Portugal to you. in HD.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wk1BXpWDwfs&feature=player_embedded

[Duke of Buckingham]

Time to sleep

Goodnight.

http://www.whatheck.com/uploaded_images/sleep-with-computer-zzz-mail-765319-765411.jpg

[Mike029]

Time to sleep

Goodnight.

http://www.whatheck.com/uploaded_images/sleep-with-computer-zzz-mail-765319-765411.jpg

Where do you find this stuff. LOL. Sick!!!

[Duke of Buckingham]

Where do you find this stuff. LOL. Sick!!!


I am always looking everywhere.
http://cl.jroo.me/z3/p/8/V/d/a.aaa-Looking-for-mom-lol.jpg

... everywhere ...
http://i.chzbgr.com/completestore/2009/5/24/128876998156935331.jpg

Where is that picture, I wanted?
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_peRiYn-WM6A/TL08AqivC6I/AAAAAAAAAGg/OGxhMrVH9uk/s1600/passed-out-drunk.jpeg

Very Crazy Duke

[Duke of Buckingham]

Success consists in being successful, not in having potential for success. Any wide piece of ground is the potential site of a palace, but there's no palace till it's built.

No intelligent idea can gain general acceptance unless some stupidity is mixed in with it.

Wise is he who enjoys the show offered by the world.


Fernando Pessoa

[Duke of Buckingham]

The Wonders of China – Amazing Photos
Photographer Feng Jiang holds a Ph.D from the University of York. These are the absolute best pictures of Rural China we’ve ever seen.

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[Duke of Buckingham]

Beijing - 北京
Forbidden City - 紫禁城

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[Duke of Buckingham]

Today I have an appointment at the doctor and my doctor is very nice. She is a doctor of the blood pressure and my blood pressure is always very high when I am with her.

How can a man have a regular blood pressure with a doctor like that?
http://www.thequarterroll.com/Editions/Fall-2010-stories/flu_shot_beautiful_doctor.jpg

High blood pressure Duke.

[Duke of Buckingham]

There are no wise few. Every aristocracy that has ever existed has behaved, in all essential points, exactly like a small mob.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Today was a very sad day for my country. I need to think all this very deeply. I will not post anymore today.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_flag_waving.svg/249px-Black_flag_waving.svg.png

[Duke of Buckingham]

Yesterday

Yesterday was the 5th of October, a very special date for Portugal.

Our nationality had started at 5th October of 1143 and our Republic had started at 5th of October 1910. So till 1910 we commemorated the Independence Day on 5th October and for a lot of reasons start commemorating the Republic after 1910 an as the nationality was connected to the monarchy they stopped the commemoration of Independence Day and replaced for the Republic Day.

So yesterday for the last time (once the government decided to take that holiday from the Portuguese Republic holidays) we had the last festivities for that day.

In the official commemoration The President of Portugal and the invited people for the ceremony were closed on a room (for they are afraid of the people) and didn't "display" the flag mast on top and used a small mast on a balcony (on contradiction with the Decreto-Lei 150/87 that regulates the use of the National flag).

So on Independence Day commemorating the Republic for the last time as an holiday the President of Portugal put a small flag upside down on a small mast.

Maybe he should pee and shit on the flag either after all he represents that flag. That was really bad and very sad for someone that served that flag. Lots of good men died for that flag.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.bestimagequotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Is-it-true-that-the-older-you-get-the-crazier-you-get-or-is-that-just-me-576x280.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Go to foreign countries and you will get to know the good things one possesses at home.

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

[Duke of Buckingham]

As I dream about movies they will make of me when I am dead.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvR60Wg9R7Q&feature=relmfu
I wanna lay down on a bed of roses

[Duke of Buckingham]

The World is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page.

Saint Augustine

[Duke of Buckingham]

I don't how to translate that so let us say is a Tuna Pie (Empadão de Atum).

For my lunch. Nice.

1126

It was nice my Tuna Pie

But I am very tired now.

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Yeha time to sleep a bit.

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[artemis8]

awww cute kitty.

[Duke of Buckingham]

awww cute kitty.

It is Duke sleeping. It is nice in deed. More kitties to you.

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[Duke of Buckingham]

“No man is an island entire of himself.”

We sure like to pull things out of context sometimes. We also like to pull people out of context. This quote is pulled out of context. It has a deeper meaning than you probably know. I never knew the full quote until just now and it goes perfectly with what I want to say.

My point is that groups and communities are some of the most important things in our lives. Maybe they are the most important.

It isn’t right for us to be alone. We live in community. We thrive in community. We are born alone and we die alone, yet while we are on this Earth we are in community.

Community helps bring meaning to our lives. Working and playing with our fellow human beings is what brings the most meaning to our lives.

We seem to be preoccupied with what group we are in too. Some people feel like they can’t belong to a certain group because they aren’t good enough. Many people come and go in organizations because they are too “clique-ish”. Meaning that they are too well defined and tend not to let new people in without first having them pass the often unspoken test.

We use groups to exclude but we also use groups to include. It is a good feeling to be part of a group. To define yourself in a way you feel comfortable with and enjoy.

We define ourselves by race, creed, nationality, occupation, religion, abilities, hobbies, skills, etc. There are many ways to define ourselves and surprisingly, if we think about it, it mostly has to do with grouping.

This can’t be understated or underestimated. As much as some of us hate being “labeled” we do it to ourselves all the time. When asked what we do we answer our occupation. You are labeling your own self by your occupation and thereby defining a large part of yourself. This is how humans operate. And it is perfectly acceptable.

Why is this important?

To quote a famous song, “Everybody needs somebody, sometimes…”

Although Thoreau’s idea of Self-Reliance is a worthy objective, it is something that is achieved over time and not in totality. We are meant to rely on our fellow human beings from the day we are born. No baby can take care of itself. Although we are much more self-reliant as adults we still have to rely on others.

This is important to think about and realize because it comes down to acceptance and love.

We learn to accept each other for who we are, limitations and all. This opens up the chance for us to help each other and not let pride get in the way. I openly accept that I need help in some areas. I also accept that I excel in areas that other people need help in. When you accept this you can begin to realize that it is not prideful to accept help or to give it. It is just how we live best in community.

So you can click the author to read the full quote, but I will give you the end of it to make the final point. Maybe you will find it interesting to know that two oft-quoted quotes are actually one…

“…any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.” – John Donne

Find the communties that you can best belong to. Learn to both give and take graciously. This is what helps make the world go round…

[Duke of Buckingham]

That would be nice ...

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=could-epilepsy-drug-prevent-alzheimers&WT.mc_id=SA_CAT_HLTH_20121009

[Duke of Buckingham]

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[Duke of Buckingham]

I shall never be ashamed of citing a bad author if the line is good.

[Duke of Buckingham]

“Dear God, this year you took away from me my favourite musician, Michael Jackson, my favourite actor Patrick Swayze, my favourite actress Farrah Fawcett, my favorite author Mario Benedetti and my favourite astronaut Neil Armstrong . I just wanted to let you know my favourite politician are all Portuguese Politicians, can you take them away also? Thanks in advance.”.

http://www.guzer.com/pictures/boy_dog_pray.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.

John F. Kennedy

[Duke of Buckingham]

Better than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace.

Buddha

[Duke of Buckingham]

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[Duke of Buckingham]

28 Remarkable Pictures of the Blue Angels

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[artemis8]

I've seen them a few times, they are very impressive.

[Duke of Buckingham]

When I was a very young lad playing with my plains, I more than usual said I wanted to be Test Pilot of Plains.

It was a dream of small child that the adulthood took away.

But when I see the plains flying in high speeds, I still fly with them seated in the pilot chair.

Flying Duke

[Duke of Buckingham]

That is so true. The things economist are always saying as they were Universal laws and going to TV to explain what can not be explained is exactly about that.

Reality is very powerful, we can not fool reality. They can only talk about a human comportment, let us say Science , to explain what just happened. It is a pity that most of them didn't have any clue about what was going to happen on a near future.

And tomorrow when caught in a big surprise, they will come again and with the same face of witchdoctors and try to explain what can not be explained and again and again.

I just said some time ago to pro-eminent Portuguese economist, tell me just one thing you are absolutely sure it will happen in 12 months from now, write it on the paper and sign it, that I will make the same only my sentence will be the reverse of yours.

Well he lost and I have the paper to prove it. What kind of Science is this one that have no laws? And only one thing for certain is that they lose their money as we do. The only difference is that they have more to lose.

Witchcraft of modern times our grandsons will laugh very laud, when they look at the past and will say: Gran-pa please how could Economy ever be a Science as we did to our ancestors that believed in Witchdoctors with his barbarian treatments.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Wake up Duke. You are always asleep.

1149

[artemis8]

When I was a very young lad playing with my plains, I more than usual said I wanted to be Test Pilot of Plains.

It was a dream of small child that the adulthood took away.

But when I see the plains flying in high speeds, I still fly with them seated in the pilot chair.

Flying Duke

Teehee, plains are fields, while planes are the things that fly in the sky :)

[Duke of Buckingham]

Teehee, plains are fields, while planes are the things that fly in the sky :)

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vOZ3nCWqWEs/UEE6GrkEjeI/AAAAAAAAA4E/uu5IdEL2LCo/s1600/einstein-duh.jpg

Oh my. I knew that. I only fly the planes on the plains. I am afraid of mountains while I am flying.

Thanks artemis8. That was a bad mistake.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hZnXQHK9vv0/T0fgbkCAK4I/AAAAAAAAEWM/FmvaRRZb4R8/s1600/duh.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Look at those magazines.
http://www.onegentleman.biz/Stories/images%20stories/titties3.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Socrates: A warrior does not give up what he loves, he finds the love in what he does.

http://personalexcellence.co/quotes/files/inspirational-quote-no-ordinary-moments.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

All men dream, but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds, wake in the day to find that it was vanity: but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act on their dreams with open eyes, to make them possible.

T. E. Lawrence

[Duke of Buckingham]

A picture is a poem without words.


In order to properly understand the big picture, everyone should fear becoming mentally clouded and obsessed with one small section of truth.


Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.


Art consists of limitation. The most beautiful part of every picture is the frame.

[Duke of Buckingham]

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[Duke of Buckingham]

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[Duke of Buckingham]

USA best Pictures.
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[Duke of Buckingham]

http://i.imgur.com/E00nl.gif

Poor cat it should have been listening to the Portugal's Economic plan for next year.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Nice video.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MQiszdkOwuU

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSDjwBcD9Ng

[Duke of Buckingham]

15 Great Pictures of Black Cats

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[Duke of Buckingham]

When you look into an abyss, the abyss also looks into you.

Friedrich Nietzsche

[Duke of Buckingham]

Time to sleep

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[Duke of Buckingham]

Unhappy feet is back

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[Duke of Buckingham]

And happy feet also

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[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PW71En5Pa5s&feature=related

[Duke of Buckingham]

“You use a glass mirror to see your face; you use works of art to see your soul.”
― George Bernard Shaw, Back to Methuselah

“A man with outward courage dares to die; a man with inner courage dares to live.”
― Lao Tzu

“In prosperity, our friends know us. In adversity, we know our friends”
― G.K. Chesterton

http://uphillwriting.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/tai-chi-thinking-monkey.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

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[Duke of Buckingham]

“Failure is the tuition you pay for success.”

[Duke of Buckingham]

Every heart sings a song, incomplete, until another heart whispers back. Those who wish to sing always find a song. At the touch of a lover, everyone becomes a poet.

Plato


If there is anything that we wish to change in the child, we should first examine it and see whether it is not something that could better be changed in ourselves.

Carl Jung


If you wish to forget anything on the spot, make a note that this thing is to be remembered.

Edgar Allan Poe

[Duke of Buckingham]

Together we are invincible. Accept the things to which fate binds you, and love the people with whom fate brings you together, but do so with all your heart.

When a bunch of men stand together, each of them loses his mind and gets another one. In the days to come men will tell histories about their deeds and ask to themselves, who was that man that fought for me...

Crazy Duke

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKfB4cn6tBU&noredirect=1

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http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/future_tense/2012/10/29/best_hurricane_sandy_visualizations_wind_map_nasa_ wsj_ny_times_webcam_and/154978495.jpg.CROP.article568-large.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

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[Duke of Buckingham]

“Every new beginning comes from some other beginning's end.”

[Duke of Buckingham]

https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-HIVJj5Il5h4/Tzb5we8pBPI/AAAAAAAAfI8/AbEQSi-uiqY/w500/Traffic.gif

https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-FHe2F9pnx-U/UIuc4v-zFwI/AAAAAAAAwKY/QbbcdIq4bOE/w500/meercat.gif

[c303a]

Looks like the Portugese drive worse then the Italians! ;) ;) ;) :eek: :eek: :eek: :confused: :confused: :confused:

[Duke of Buckingham]

I don't know where it is but it is not Portugal for sure. If it was Portugal half of them were dead by now...

http://collisionmax.com/Portals/45834/images/bad%20parking%20job%20lot%20accident%20car%20crash .jpg

It is difficult to have a parking place.

[c303a]

I hate to say it but that looks like a US plate. I can't see what state it is but it sure looks familar. :o :o :o

[Duke of Buckingham]

Goodnight
http://www.ericmetaxas.com/wp-content/uploads/insights_sleep_on_computer.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Having a nice coffee.
http://api.plixi.com/api/tpapi.svc/imagefromurl?size=medium&url=http://lockerz.com/s/238889249

[artemis8]

USA best Pictures.

DC is a pretty cool place. Went to a rally there a couple years ago.

[Duke of Buckingham]

I would like to go everywhere.
As flying with my thoughts.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbK2u1YWEO4

[Duke of Buckingham]

I love you all, if only for a moment I did loved you all.

Keep on track for me. I will be back soon.

[Duke of Buckingham]

If nothing ever changed, there where no butterflies.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Paris

http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/photos/FRA/orig/seine_aerial2.jpg

http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/photos/FRA/orig/ArcTriomphe.jpg

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France

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http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/photos/FRA/orig/Rocamadour.jpg

[EmSti]

Beutiful pictures, thanks for sharing. I have been to many a small tropic island for scuba diving vacations, but I have yet to make it to Europe. Some day... some day

[c303a]

Looks like they cleaned up Paris since I was there. Great Pictures Duke.

[Duke of Buckingham]

I was in France for a while. It is good to remember. Good that you like it.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Aha and Bonsoir Paris.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGuiC2obHz4

[Duke of Buckingham]

I'm still silent to respect the rain
http://images.sodahead.com/polls/002047319/196665487_work251359flat550x550075fstrong_love_xla rge.jpeg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Men are more immortal than they can imagine.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Harmony makes small things grow, lack of it makes great things decay.

So if you cannot do great things, do small things in a great way.

For the persons for whom small things do not exist, the great is not great.

Let others lead small lives, but not you. Let others argue over small things, but not you. Let others cry over small hurts, but not you. Let others leave their future in someone else's hands, but not you.

Search for the greatness small and simple things have. A flower only needs water and a person small actions on the right direction.

Small and big things are only in the eyes of the observer. There are things I once considered small that are so big in my heart.

[Duke of Buckingham]

I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies.

Thomas Jefferson

There are no standing armies that can be considered of a real danger the USA survival, the same we can not say about the banking system and their power among politicians.

The use of the debt as a politician weapon is something that is worrying me. The ability of the banking system of creating money is the other.

But time will tell.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Ancient origins

The term "democracy" first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens. Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508-507 BCE. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of Athenian democracy."

Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features: the random selection of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices, and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. All citizens were eligible to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city state. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners (μέτοικοι metoikoi), and males under 20 years old.

Of the estimated 200,000 to 400,000 inhabitants of Athens, there were between 30,000 and 60,000 citizens. The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns.

Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business. Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"), the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.

Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to certain aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of gerrymandering, so most high officials, including members of the Senate, came from a few wealthy and noble families. However, many notable exceptions did occur. In addition, the Roman Republic was the first government in the western world to have a representative government, although it didn't have much of a democracy. The Romans invented the concept of classics and many works from Ancient Greece were preserved. Additionally, the Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated a leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives as opposed to a direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly.


Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small amount of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent (within a caste system), the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (10% of population), the Althing in Iceland, the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan. However, participation was often restricted to a minority, and so may be better classified as oligarchy. Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords.

The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a constitutional monarchy than a democratic republic. A little closer to modern democracy were the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries: Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich. The highest post – the Hetman – was elected by the representatives from the country's districts.

The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta, which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered – and implicitly supported what became English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal. The first elected parliament was De Montfort's Parliament in England in 1265.

However only a small minority actually had a voice; Parliament was elected by only a few percent of the population, (less than 3% as late as 1780), and the power to call parliament was at the pleasure of the monarch (usually when he or she needed funds).

The power of Parliament increased in stages over the succeeding centuries. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was enacted, which codified certain rights and increased the influence of Parliament. The franchise was slowly increased and Parliament gradually gained more power until the monarch became largely a figurehead. As the franchise was increased, it also was made more uniform, as many so-called rotten boroughs, with a handful of voters electing a Member of Parliament, were eliminated in the Reform Act of 1832.

In North America, the English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose governance was democratic and which contributed to the democratic development of the United States.


Modern era

The first nation in modern history to adopt a democratic constitution was the short-lived Corsican Republic in 1755. This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and even allowed for female suffrage, something that was granted in other democracies only by the 20th century. In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792.
The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy.

Universal male suffrage was definitely established in France in March 1848 in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848. In 1848, several revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.

Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers, the United States founders also shared a determination to root the American experiment in the principle of natural freedom and equality. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some.

In the colonial period before 1776, and for some time after, often only adult white male property owners could vote; enslaved Africans, most free black people and most women were not extended the franchise. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. However, slavery was a social and economic institution, particularly in eleven states in the American South, such that a variety of organizations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equality.

In the 1860 United States Census the slave population in the United States had grown to four million, and in Reconstruction after the Civil War (late 1860s) the newly freed slaves became citizens with (in the case of men) a nominal right to vote.

Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

20th century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive "waves of democracy," variously resulting from wars, revolutions, decolonization, religious and economic circumstances. World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states from Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic.

In the 1920s democracy flourished, but the Great Depression brought disenchantment, and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships. Fascism and dictatorships flourished in Nazi Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as nondemocratic regimes in the Baltics, the Balkans, Brazil, Cuba, China, and Japan, among others.

World War II brought a definitive reversal of this trend in western Europe. The democratization of the American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany (disputed), Austria, Italy, and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of regime change.

However, most of Eastern Europe, including the Soviet sector of Germany fell into the non-democratic Soviet bloc. The war was followed by decolonization, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions. India emerged as the world's largest democracy and continues to be so.

By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the world's populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in Communist nations and the former colonies.)

A subsequent wave of democratization brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations. Spain, Portugal (1974), and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985, and Chile in the early 1990s). This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to-late 1980s.

Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the associated end of the Cold War, and the democratization and liberalization of the former Eastern bloc countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union. Some researchers consider that contemporary Russia is not a true democracy and instead resembles a form of dictatorship.

The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalization include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998, the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia, the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia.

According to Freedom House, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972). According to World Forum on Democracy, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 percent of the world's population. At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population.

In 2010 the United Nations declared September 15 the International Day of Democracy.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEi7GPkxfsE

[Duke of Buckingham]

Man is a goal seeking animal. His life only has meaning if he is reaching out and striving for his goals.

Aristotle
Sorry for any translation mistake from ancient Greek to English.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Goodnight all.
http://cl.jroo.me/z3/e/I/-/d/a.baa-Nice-place-for-sleeping.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

My religion is very simple. My religion is kindness.

Dalai Lama

[Duke of Buckingham]

USA best Pictures.
New-york, The Empire State
http://www.usa-pictures.com/images/states-flags/NY-flag.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Accord-0--52728889-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Bronx-0--16864227-.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Colton-0--11631211-.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20City-0--739420155.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20City-2--631494165.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Nichols-2--26226349-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Warwick-2--517423129.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Batavia-21090240-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Brooklyn-12638214-254.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Brooklyn-225100245-25.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Brooklyn-1--22649230-.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Brooklyn-0--561309100.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Corning-52928990-IMG.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Corning-624349120-IM.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Hors%20de%20la%20ville-39120347-P72.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Laurens-2--526429132.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Laurens-2--29028158-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--614291101.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--607479157.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-pol1--474204.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--759433162.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-40921452-CIM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--rp6104811.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-44486188-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--71546191-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--241109250.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-659371131-07.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--16913212-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--17921223-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1284.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-abrp22910224.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-24474182-CIM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--702397144.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--57126488-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--69534185-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1362.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--14619113-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--23453233-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1357.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--27813312-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--66500195-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-605337114-07.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1267.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-29214116-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--74867201-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--766386149.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20york-1--52423573-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-41621955-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-34917734-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--479399117.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--59136236-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-788451171-_D.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--35412920-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--37314126-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1283.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1319.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1382.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1298.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1324.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--45924568-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-3475317332-IMG_7375_Medium.JPG

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-671378134-06.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--20636224-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1379.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-597332111-07.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1266.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1337.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-13644217-NEW.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--38815031-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-614343116-IM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-14851221-CIM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-8311200-IMG_.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--22323937-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1419.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--20112223-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--5103219-C.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-rp0--5633111.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--654316114.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-pol2--831522.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1343.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-rp11430210-I.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--43823362-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20york-0--583323107.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--14549220-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-29414216-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1475.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-337.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--29428459-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-8210200-IMG_.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--55025181-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1364.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-45324266-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-pol1--793403.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--6411161-D.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-696394142-CI.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-335.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1316.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--51328085-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-729414152-07.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--19078234-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1327.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1366.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--25474182-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-332.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-673379135-DS.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--36218538-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--27479245-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--662373132.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-55493192-CIM.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-689390140-DS.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-0--47025371-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-1424.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-32816427-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-592329109-NE.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New%20york-New%20York--0-333.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-11430210-DSC.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-674380135-DS.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--28627957-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2511163-07-3.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-1--696342127.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-2--487404119.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-656369130-St.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-692391141-22.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-13040215-07-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-New%20York-44423663-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Norfolk-601334112-IM.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hg3bAX18_zk

[Duke of Buckingham]

Be slow to fall into friendship; but when thou art in, continue firm and constant.

Socrates

[Duke of Buckingham]

Hey Atlantis


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46n0uE9hT6A

[Duke of Buckingham]

More a bit of New York
USA best Pictures.
New-york, The Empire State
http://www.usa-pictures.com/images/states-flags/NY-flag.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Rochester-0--15656223-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Rochester-0--15354222-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Rochester-1--80458185-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Rochester-0--13644217-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Watertown-1--35512920-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Watertown-2--636497166.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Bouckville-0--48226075-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Buffalo-584324107-IM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Buffalo-230103247-IM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Buffalo-40521251-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Florida-1--667324118.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Ithaca-50527482-253.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Livonia-2--73458197-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-54329894-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-0--681196-DS.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-21794242-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-47125372-_DS.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-797457174-IM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-764436163-IM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-42722658-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-716406148-IM.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-11128209-IMG.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/NY/USA-New-york-Niagara%20Falls-33416829-IMG.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Duke of Disorder

http://images.free-extras.com/pics/l/laughing_cats-323.jpg

is not me

but could be

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.popularvirals.com/images/thank-you/thank-you-0823-moo-cow.gif

[Duke of Buckingham]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SE7njEmEAO0

[artemis8]

Hehe, I like that song :P

[Duke of Buckingham]

For a day of sorrow.

I do not like my state of mind
I'm bitter, querulous, unkind.
I hate my legs, I hate my hands,
I do not yearn for lovelier lands.
I dread the dawn's recurrent light;
I hate to go to bed at night.
I snoot at simple, earnest folk.
I cannot take the gentlest joke.
I find no peace in paint or type.
My world is but a lot of tripe.
I'm disillusioned, empty-breasted.
For what I think, I'd be arrested.
I am not sick, I am not well.
My quondam dreams are shot to hell.
My soul is crushed, my spirit sore;
I do not like me any more.
I cavil, quarrel, grumble, grouse.
I ponder on the narrow house.
I shudder at the thought of men...
I'm due to fall in love again.

[Duke of Buckingham]

A hug is a great gift - one size fits all, and it's easy to exchange.

Kindness is the greatest wisdom.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Once upon a time there was a caterpillar but she wanted so much to fly that she became a butterfly.

Ricardo Ferreira

[Duke of Buckingham]

We had three days ago ( 16th November ) a tornado in Portugal. Where some years ago we didn't have none. Climate changing producing this phenomena on areas we are not yet used to but at least we had no deaths, people in general was caught by surprise.

The tornado was in Algarve and the damages are quite a few.

http://gouveiajoao.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/55093.jpg

http://www.jn.pt/Storage/JN/2012/big/ng2228313.jpg

http://www.abola.pt/img/fotos/mundos/lusa/algarve/tempestadelagoa2.jpg

http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/images_content/2012/tornadoalgarve7a.jpg

http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/images_content/destruicaotornado.jpg

http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/images_content/tornado161112.jpg

http://www.jn.pt/Storage/JN/2012/big/ng2228313.jpg

http://videos.sapo.pt/zWN7m5h71QiEAZ75ObQj

[artemis8]

That's scary. I hope everyone you know is ok.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Everyone is fine even in the tornado area. Thanks artemis8.

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT68PffR6WjEVJYOVeriQ2AXYAgZHv-NFGHK8vDmgtZn3QelKI55DFL74Vh

[Duke of Buckingham]

Moody Blues Lost in a Lost World Lyrics:

I woke up today, I was crying,
Lost in a lost world.
So many people are dying,
Lost in a lost world.
Some of them are living an illusion,
Bounded by the darkness of their minds.
In their eyes it's nation against
nation against nation,
With racial pride.
Sad hearts they hide
Thinking only of themselves,
They shun the light,
(somehow they shun the light)
They think they're right,
(somehow they think they're right)
Living in their empty shells.

Oh, can you see their world is crashing
(so many people, so many people)
Crashing down around their feet
And angry people in the street,
Are telling them they've had their fill
(so many people)
Of politics that wound and kill
(so many people)
Grow, the seeds of evolution
(so many people, so many people)
Revolution never won
It's just another form of gun
To do again what they have done
(so many people, so many people)
With all our brothers, youngest sons.
(so many people, so many people)

Everywhere you go you'll
see them searching
Everywhere you turn you'll feel the pain
Everyone is looking for the answer
Well look again.
Come on my friend,
Love will find them in the end
Come on my friend, we've got to bend
On our knees and say a prayer.

Oh, can you feel the world is pining
(so many people, so many people)
Pining for someone who really cares
Enough to share his love,
With all of us so we can be
(so many people)
An ever loving family.
(so many people)

Oh, have you forgotten we're all children
(so many people, so many people)
Children from a family tree
That's longer than a centipede
And started long ago when you and I
(so many people, so many people)
Were only love--
(so many people, so many people)

I woke up today, I was crying,
Lost in a lost world,
So many people are dying,
Lost in a lost world.
So many people, so many people, people
Lost in a lost world
So many people, so many people, people
Lost in a lost world ....


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amCsfY8RvNA&playnext=1&list=PLD5E472B996D76C9E&feature=results_video

[Duke of Buckingham]

This thing that appears on the right side of the screen on all Boinc screens with butterflies flying and all things jumping is enough for me never to go on boinc screens.

You don't imagine what that does with my dyslexia.

Oh man I am really nervous with that screen that goes from projects to Boinc stats.

Oh my, oh my, oh my...

That is not good for me and I can not always closing windows.

It was not a good time for that (screen) happen.

The woman of 27 that looks like 53, grab your debt or the twelve words game (specially made for retarded) are all very good.

Thanks that Free-DC is out of it at least for now.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Fact: Exactly zero ponies are killed by sharks each year.

http://fc05.deviantart.net/fs71/f/2012/227/f/2/happy_shark_week__by_sundownglisten-d5b94o5.png

[Duke of Buckingham]

Time to sleep goodnight.

http://thechive.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/funny-sleeping-positions-10.jpg?w=500

[Duke of Buckingham]

Happy Thanksgiving

Christmas Tree

[Duke of Buckingham]

Happy Thanksgiving

http://media1.policymic.com/site/articles/19185/photo.jpg

http://media1.policymic.com/site/articles/19249/photo.jpg

[Mike029]

Happy Thanksgiving

http://media1.policymic.com/site/articles/19185/photo.jpg

http://media1.policymic.com/site/articles/19249/photo.jpg

Thanks Duke!!!

[artemis8]

Happy Thanksgiving to you too! (do you celebrate a thanksgiving type holiday on another day of the year?)

[Duke of Buckingham]

Happy Thanksgiving to you too! (do you celebrate a thanksgiving type holiday on another day of the year?)


All days are thanksgiving days for me.

The secret is to have nothing, to expect nothing and be always prepared for everything my God prepared for me.

Sometimes I am the strongest man on earth, other time I am the weakest.

God give me the the blanket for the exact match of the cold to come.

And for the last, I am happy, I am always happy.

What can I ask more?

[Duke of Buckingham]

Don’t let the memory of a past experience hold you back or prevent you from trying again.

Everyone experiences failures. It’s a part of life.

The important thing is to learn from the things that didn’t work out for you. Take a step back from your failed attempts and try to remove your emotions from the situation. I realize how hard this is, but try to look at things analytically.

The world isn’t out to get you.

There’s a reason why each and every one of these things has happened, you owe it to yourself to figure out why.

All of these potential reasons for your failed attempts should create an automatic Action Plan for you. Once you pinpoint what it is that’s holding you back, attack that shit and fix it! You owe it to your dreams to do everything you can to create the opportunities that await you.

Don’t let your past dictate your future.


Take control of your future, take control of Now. Throw away the tissue box, roll up your sleeves… and let’s get to work!

Excerpts of a Brian Thompson text.

http://www.musicthinktank.com/blog/dont-let-your-past-dictate-your-future.html

[Duke of Buckingham]

I have dreamed that all men were created equal.

Ricardo Ferreira

[Duke of Buckingham]

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before.

Edgar Allan Poe

[Duke of Buckingham]

What is done to prejudice

The root of prejudice is always hatred of difference. That means always the presumption that the right is you. That you are the center of the world and that everyone has to turn around. That you are the perfect measure, the efficiency model, the solution sublime, supreme creature, surpassing the parameter against which others are defined - whether they are good or bad, big or small, beautiful or ugly.

Prejudice always has to do with fear about who is different. Because who does differently - who is not like us, who is appealing the path of another way - always exposes us. We always questioned. We take this as a challenge - how can this guy not be my mirror, not how I think, have ideas and attitudes actually totally different from mine? (And if the ideas and attitudes are his best, most charming, most entertaining and intelligent? How do I get?) Who is this guy that puts us at risk to give us contrast, when making other choices, to take another path? You need to kill this guy right at the root. You need to cut her wings, castrate him.

If we all are similar, there is the risk of being wrong. At least not individually. So prejudice is, before all, a cohesive force. He seeks, in attacking the differences, let everyone stuck in the middle lane, the average temperature in the "normality" in mediocrity, the viscosity of the big jelly general, common sense, beside the most stupid, never daring to call attention, neither above nor below, neither the leftmost or rightmost without clash a little bit, without allowing even an ounce of originality, individuality, finally difference.

The more village feeling, the narrower the horizon, the more we act like clan, the greater the prejudice, will be attacked more different, the more the sense of "average" will be valued. Instead, when greater cosmopolitanism, greater tolerance of difference, will sound more interesting and attractive ways to make other, more valuable will be the new, more individual freedoms and dissimilarities will be celebrated and welcomed.

It's like this: if the mere existence of the other, blooming outside your control radius, makes you feel uncomfortable or attacked, you seek to annihilate it. And even swallow the difference unbearable that the other imposes, you hate that source of pain with all her strength. If you are confident, adept is the theory of live and let live, if it is not given to the control of others who do not need the whole squad march at your own pace, wherever you want to go, to feel well enough to leave the chair, you simply tolerate - and maybe even have fun with - the difference.

Before ending: discrimination is also an exercise of power, hostile aggrandizement of himself in front of the other, which is always a supposedly inferior position. The clearer getting weaker position than other, more shine your privilege. And what good is a privilege that you can not rub in the face of others? Therefore, discrimination carries a bit of cowardice too. You believe you have an advantage with cruelty and uses, perversely. You only sleep happy at night feel humbled that someone during the day. Even though the advantage only exists in your head and even if you do not meet conditions to humiliate anyone. No matter. It intent. And intentions are, far more than the concrete results that define the scoundrels.

To be different is to have the courage to be yourself, no matter what that is...

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7k8gbEFK4Q8/UH_GBaFIzgI/AAAAAAAAKz8/gokgvniRH_I/s1600/lol-cat-16101.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Time to sleep
http://media2.arabia.msn.com/medialib/2007/04/04/sleeping-baby_article_new_article_new.jpg
Goodnight

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9t1vhvjEs1qzoileo1_1280.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://d24w6bsrhbeh9d.cloudfront.net/photo/346581_700b.jpg

http://bitsandpieces.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/imagesit-wasnt-me.jpg

http://www.stevenhumour.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/it-wasnt-me.jpg

http://cl.jroo.me/z3/Z/7/R/d/a.aaa-I-swearit-wasnt-me.jpg

http://www.butterbach.net/pics/Fifi/img024.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-96yQPhb0rLI/TqpiB3J_wDI/AAAAAAAAGZk/60lv_fmGMEs/s1600/guilty-cat-26104.jpg

http://jokideo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/480038_10150993044393564_1038537788_n.jpg

http://img8.joyreactor.com/pics/post/demotivation-posters-auto-295568.jpeg

http://doggies.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/hiding-from-poop.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Man I need to sleep a bit...

http://www.beencaughtsleeping.com/userfiles/image/Submissions/September%202010/6108_cat%20sleeping.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/venturebiz/imagebrowser/view/imagecache/48510/Full
Is on the way.

[artemis8]

haha, you make energy, nice!

[Duke of Buckingham]

Energized Duke


Not only will atomic power be released, but someday we will harness the rise and fall of the tides and imprison the rays of the sun.

Thomas Alva Edison


Energy and persistence conquer all things.

Benjamin Franklin

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=He82NBjJqf8

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/imagebuzz/web04/2011/10/7/21/it-was-me-2918-1318037522-102.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Hello and good-morning ...

http://www.zastavki.com/pictures/1024x768/2011/Funny_wallpapers_Hello__good_morning_028165_.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

With the stones in my way, I will build a home in the sunshine, where I can receive my friends.

In that home, we will dream a new world made of peace and the most elementary justice for all mankind.

Together we will fight all the things that imprisoned men.

Ricardo Ferreira - 12th April 1980

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YLt5ei0nLnM/TyrvRYvTcPI/AAAAAAAAH6w/eZH6jjh-cHM/s1600/shocked-dog-221.jpg

http://ihasahotdog.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/izconfuzd128419116630083750.jpg

http://cdn.ebaumsworld.com/mediaFiles/picture/155836/716068.jpg

http://www.forthepubliceye.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/dogs-with-cat.jpg

http://cresthillvet.com/clients/637/images/dog_cat.jpg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_taPC-1l2iog/SakicXi4zTI/AAAAAAABqhI/2z7F8fBjlJM/s400/dogs+and+cats+flickzzz.com+3+010-769292.jpg

http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/16800000/Dog-and-Cat-Wallpaper-teddybear64-16834786-1280-800.jpg

http://d2tq98mqfjyz2l.cloudfront.net/image_cache/1350327463264585.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Good morning

http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lg1pqacTRR1qa6c2g.jpg

http://www.ilovecoffeebook.com/images/clip_image092.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://maujgaadi.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/good_morning_01.jpg


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=co6WMzDOh1o

[Duke of Buckingham]

People used to explore the dimensions of reality by taking LSD to make the world look weird.
Now the world is weird and they take Prozac to make it look normal.

[Fire$torm]

http://d2tq98mqfjyz2l.cloudfront.net/image_cache/1350327463264585.jpg

=)) =)) =))

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://i.chzbgr.com/completestore/2009/10/19/129004303147563637.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

We can only appreciate the miracle of a sunrise if we have waited in the darkness.


http://vimeo.com/3091491

[Duke of Buckingham]

I arise in the morning torn between a desire to improve the world and a desire to enjoy the world. This makes it hard to plan the day.

E. B. White

[Duke of Buckingham]

Time does not pass through friendship. But friendship goes through time. You have to hold it while is there.

We are friends forever but from the day we get friends and the day we die it goes a long distance as large as life.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/img_gallery/3C6E805D-EFD9-11DC-02173DB7C17CF9AB.jpg

NASA Releases Stunning Animation of Earth at Night

December 5, 2012


http://bcove.me/a7m8e7nr

[Duke of Buckingham]

USA best Pictures.
Hawaii, The Aloha State
http://www.usa-pictures.com/images/states-flags/HI-flag.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Hawaii%20National%20Park-2--36132580-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Hawaii%20National%20Park-0--49727080-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Hawaii%20National%20Park-1--136492202.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Kailua-2711289-DSC0.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Hilo--0-531.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-1--668325118.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-1--46619955-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-0--42122256-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-0--51027784-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20city-10122206-pla.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-1--43718146-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-1--19127219-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Not%20in%20a%20City-1--627299106.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-2--547442138.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--27813312-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu--0-197.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-2--488405120.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--34480185-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--2531174-8.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu--0-526.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--38431171-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-2--100162249.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-2--29528460-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--24422167-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-2--21113224-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--689338125.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--715405148.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--302964-ho.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--32616226-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--57426689-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--752429160.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--47220257-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--19831221-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--51522971-.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-1--758381147.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Honolulu-0--560309100.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-534.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-562.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-537.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii-Hawaii%20Volcanoes-763436163-CI.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-552.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-550.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-199.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-556.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/HI/USA-Hawaii--Hawaii%20Volcanoes-0-544.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_2822.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_2818.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_2831.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_2834.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_2843.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14257.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14111.jpg

http://www.yunphoto.net/sumb/yun_2815.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14241.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14212.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14066.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14038.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_14031.jpg

http://www.tmyun.com/mid/yun_2832.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Our defense is in the preservation of the spirit which prizes liberty as a heritage of all men, in all lands, everywhere. Destroy this spirit and you have planted the seeds of despotism around your own doors.

Abraham Lincoln

[Duke of Buckingham]

I am nothing.
I'll never be anything.
I can not wish to be anything.
Apart from that, I have in me all the dreams of the world.

Windows of my room,
From my room in one of the world's millions nobody knows about
(And if they knew who he is, what would they know?)
Give to the mystery of a street continually crossed by people,
To a street inaccessible to all thoughts,
Real, impossibly real, certain, unknowingly certain,
With the mystery of things beneath the stones and beings,
With death by moisture on the walls and white hair of men
With Destiny driving the wagon of everything down the road to nowhere.

Today I am defeated, as if he knew the truth.
Today I am lucid, as if to die,
And had no more kinship with things
Otherwise a farewell, becoming this building and this side of the street
A row of carriages of a train, and whistled a match
From inside my head,
And a jolt of my nerves and a creak of bones as we go.

Today I am puzzled, as one who wondered and discovered and forgot.
Today I am torn between the loyalty I owe
At Tobacconist across the street as the real thing on the outside,
And the feeling that everything is a dream, like the real thing inside.

I failed at all.
As I had no aims, maybe everything was nothing.
Learning that I was given,
I descended from the window at the back of the house.
I went to the field with great intent.
But there I found only herbs and trees,
And when we had was the same as another.
Walk out the window, I sit in a chair. In what shall I think?

What do I know of that will be, I do not know what I am?
Be what I think? But I think to be so much!
And there are many so who think the same that can not have so many!
Genius? In this moment...
A hundred thousand brains are conceived in a dream of geniuses like me
And the story does not score, who knows, neither one
Not only will many of manure future conquests.
No, I do not believe in me.
In all there crazy insane asylums with so many certainties!
I, who have no certainty, I am more certain or less certain?
No, not me ...
How many garrets and non-garrets of the world
There are geniuses at this time-for-dreaming selves?
How many high aspirations and noble and lucid -
Yes, truly high and noble and lucid -
And who knows if achievable,
Never see the light of the sun will find real nor heard of us?
The world is for those who born to conquer
And not for those who dream that can win it, even if you're right.
I have dreamed more than Napoleon did.
I tightened the chest hypothetical more humanities than Christ
I have made no secret philosophies Kant wrote.
But I am, and perhaps will always be, of the attic
Although we do not live in it;
I will always be what he was not born for this;
I will always be just what had qualities;
I will always be what you hoped it would open the door at the foot of a wall without a door,
And sang the song of the infinite in a poultry
And God heard the voice of a well covered.
Believe me? No, not at all.
Pour me over the head Still Burning
Your sun, your nature, I think the wind in the hair,
And the rest that will come up, or have to come or not come.
Slaves heart of stars,
We conquered the world before we get out of bed;
But woke up and it was opaque,
We rose and it was strange,
We left the house and it is our whole earth,
More solar system and the Milky Way and the Indefinite.

(Eat chocolates, small children;
Eat chocolates!
Look, there is no metaphysics in the world but chocolates.
Look, what all religions do not teach more than confectionery.
Eat, dirty child, eat!
I could eat chocolates with the same truth that eat them!
But I think, and to get the silver paper, which is tin foil,
I lay everything to the ground, as I have done with life.)

But at least is the bitterness than I'll never be
The fast handwriting of these verses,
Broken door for the Impossible.
But at least consecrate myself contempt without tears
Noble at least in broad gesture that shoot
The dirty laundry that I am, in roll, to the course of things,
And stay home shirtless.

(You who consoles that do not exist and therefore consoles
Or Greek goddess, statue that was conceived as living
Or Roman patrician, impossibly noble and nefarious,
Or Princess troubadours, very kind and colorful,
Or Marquise eighteenth century, low-cut and distant,
Or famous courtesan of the time of our fathers,
Or do not know what modern - well not conceive what -
All this, whatever it is, you are, we can inspire to inspire!
My heart is poured a bucket.
As those who invoke spirits invoke spirits invoke
The myself and find nothing.
Come to the window and see the street with absolute clarity.
I see the stores, see the rides, see the cars that pass,
I see the living beings who cross dresses,
I see dogs that also exist,
All this weighs on me as a condemnation to exile,
And all this is foreign to everything.)

I lived, studied, loved and even believed,
And today there is no beggar I do not envy not only be me.
Each eye to the rags and the wounds and lies
And I think, perhaps never lived nor estudasses neither amasses or cresses
(Because you can do all this without actually doing any of that);
Maybe you have only existed as a lizard who cut the tail
And that is to short tail lizard remexidamente

Made me who did not know
And he could do for me I did not.
The domino dress that was wrong.
They met me just for who was not and did not deny it, and I lost myself.
When I wanted to take off the mask,
I was stuck to my face.
When I took it and found myself in the mirror,
He had aged.
He was drunk, did not know how to wear the costume that had not taken off.
I threw the mask and slept in the locker room
Like a dog tolerated by management
For being harmless
And I write this story to prove that I am sublime.

Musical essence of my useless verses,
I wish I could find me as something I did,
And not always stay in front of the front Tobacconist,
Trampling underfoot the consciousness of existing,
As a carpet in a drunk stumbles
Or a doormat that gypsies stole and worthless.

But the Master of the Tobacconist came to the door and stood at the door.
I look at him with his head barely turned deconforto
And with the discomfort of half-grasping soul.
He will die and I'll die.
He will leave the tablet, I will let the verses.
At one point the tablet die too, the verses too.
After some time die the street where the sign was,
And the language in which the verses were written.
Die after the rotating planet where all this happened.
In other satellites of other systems something like people
Continue doing things like poems and living under things like tablets,

Always one thing facing each other,
Always one thing as useless as the other,
Always the impossible as stupid as reality,
When the mystery of the fund as sure as the mystery of sleep surface,
Always this or always or else neither one thing nor the other.

But a man has entered the Tobacco Shop (to buy tobacco?)
And plausible reality suddenly hits me.
Semiergo me energetic, convinced, human,
And I will try to write these verses which say otherwise.

I light a cigarette to think about writing them
And savor the cigarette to release all thoughts.
I follow the smoke as a route of its own,
And joy, a time sensitive and competent
The release of all speculations
And the awareness that metaphysics is a consequence of not feeling well.

Then I lie down in the back seat
And still smoking.
While the Target grant mo, keep on smoking.

(If I married the daughter of my laundress
Maybe it was happy.)
Seen it, I get up from the chair. I go to the window.
The man left the Tobacconist (putting change in pocket of pants?).
Oh, I know him, he is Esteves without metaphysics.
(The Owner of Tobacco came to the door.)
As per a divine instinct, Esteves turned and saw me.
He waved me goodbye, I shouted him Goodbye Esteves O!, And the universe
Rebuilt to me without ideal or hope, and Owner of Tobacco smiled.

Álvaro de Campos, 01/15/1928

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_0.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_1.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_14.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_15.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_2.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_3.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_4.jpg

http://www.anvari.org/db/cols/Best_Journalism_Photos/Best_Photo_5.jpg

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[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.ansms4u.com/images/Good%20Morning%20(2).jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

The doctors decided after a lot of analyses that I am going to make a surgery and that will be soon enough. I was not posting for a small while and that it is for today also except for this two posts, I just made. Keep on going.

[Fire$torm]

Best wishes Duke. We'll keep the light on for you.

F$

[Duke of Buckingham]

Merry Christmas to all of you.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uLSIR954TTU/TvaMrfsNoUI/AAAAAAAAKwU/ut7aI-3vbUg/s1600/Holy+Family.jpg

and don't forget that he was born one day but the main reason he is important, is how he lived and why he died.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMc5dGw0vnU

Love your brother and shine...

Respect all men, all religions and learn to love

as you wish to be loved ...

Ricardo Ferreira

[Duke of Buckingham]

My ice cream.

1220
1221

[Duke of Buckingham]

My ice cream.

http://www.setiusa.us/attachment.php?attachmentid=1220
1220
1221

[Duke of Buckingham]

The Crazy Duke is back.

Very Crazy Duke


Wake up every morning with the thought that something wonderful is about to happen.

[Duke of Buckingham]

We live a short time, where everything is going, quickly, that was yesterday today is no longer the ... Needs, wants, desires are quickly made, discarded, forgotten.

Considering the lack of time, parents try to overcome their faults presenting children, mired gift, and children do not expect more for that special date.

Christmas, for many, is a date "plus" for gift, socialize, relax, eat, drink and continue the routine.

Companies taking this opportunity to make money since there is no better time throughout the year to sell products.

People go, come, come rushing through the streets, traffic jams are formed, are programmed travel, shopping crowd and to what purpose?

Some nostalgic, though, reflect and use the time to review the year, think about the practices and actions that have taken hastily during the journey.

There is time ...

Time to stop.

Time to analyze.

Time to feel.

Time to live.

In time to stop, we run more ...

Buying gifts, visiting people, plan trips and pack bags, when we use a bit of idleness to see who we were and who we conclude?

If you are an entrepreneur, how many employees will end well this Christmas?

How many will have a frustrated Christmas and how many will even have Christmas?

How many could live during the year producing more, better and reaping thereby beneficial results for their personal life, in proportion fair and accurate?

I will not get into the religious aspect since it is not necessary for me, the essence remains regardless of whether you have religion or not and being what it is.

The atmosphere of Christmas must transcend the moment, beyond the day and senses so that we can bring, in reality, we should know each other.

For more presence you have at parties and meet more people, stop for a small moment, isolate and think.

Let the isolation individuality of your thought come.

What is the isolation of reflection, solitude, though accompanied, can individually enter your world, that only you know and accesses to see how much you've been you, how much longer and how much is being diverted from its essence.

Think, think, use the time to your advantage and remember:

Christmas without reflection is party without cake ...

Christmas unaccompanied refrain from socializing, laughter and celebrations ...

But Christmas away from yourself, feeling in contrast to the personal encounter is nonexistent, is masking, is misrepresentation ..... is not Christmas ....

As much as there presence in your Christmas, if there is no loneliness of your analysis and your reflection, nothing will be formed and will not help you.

That his party might be stuffed, pleasant company, and excessive LONG REFLECTIONS.

May you feel his presence, analyze practices, errors and rework target for hits and above all, know consciously give form and meaning.

A happy, prosperous, productive and real Christmas to you!

[artemis8]

that's a good philosophy :)

[Duke of Buckingham]

I try to be the man in the silence of my thoughts, in my private time

and then remember it is Christmas and soon I become a child

nothing is more sad then not to be a child

on Christmas time.


http://images.johnoh.multiply.com/image/1/photos/upload/orig/RyFi0woKCoEAAApRSqQ406/2.jpeg?et=rPwdkKzctyNaLBfWpD%2BH%2Cw

[Duke of Buckingham]

I need to sleep a bit more. Now is all I do is sleep...

http://www.saintseton.com/images/450_BC_Hurt_Cat_080318.gif

[Fire$torm]

Thank you Duke. And a very Merry Christmas to you and yours.

F$

[Duke of Buckingham]

Let us make something different this year and save Santa the trip F$.

Merry Christmas to you, peace on earth, good-will to men!

We are needing it badly.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjKoljQRC5Q

[Duke of Buckingham]

110 volt outlet

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-C1rHgTckoiw/TdSUWEcBzNI/AAAAAAAALpY/QCV27QZpIsw/s1600/DSC01407.JPG

[Duke of Buckingham]

I need to start a new daily thread for 2013. Like "Today in history" any new and bright ideas from my team mates?

We should do a poll to see what the team really needs or wants.

I have 8 days and no clue about what I will do...

Help me

http://cl.jroo.me/z3/R/Q/4/c/a.aaa.jpg

PLEASE

[Fire$torm]

Well, I like what your already doing :-bd

[Duke of Buckingham]

Thanks F$, it was very nice of you (as always).

I am on a little vacations (imposed by health conditions). But I will be back soon.

[Duke of Buckingham]

2013

The year of the EAGLE

http://www.clker.com/cliparts/2/7/a/c/11971191382021827473johnny_automatic_war_eagle.svg .med.png

http://www.eaglespiritministry.com/pocket/eaglecard.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

2013

The year of the Eagle

http://bearcloudgallery.com/images/Paintings/earthSky.jpg

http://images.elfwood.com/art/b/o/bobbeatley/golden_eagle_spirit_vase_jpg.jpg

http://bearcloudgallery.com/images/Paintings/CallEagleSpirit.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

2013

The year of the Eagle

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/400px-Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png

http://www.himalayacrafts.com/pic/Hindu-God-Garuda-0966.jpg

http://www.syzygyproductions.net/portflio/photo/arch22.jpg

INDIA

[Duke of Buckingham]

2013

The year of the Eagle

http://www.scenicreflections.com/files/The_Fairy_of_Eagle_Nebula_Wallpaper_sbcjr.jpg

http://wallres.saiswa.com/bg/saiyine/-/348-Nebula-Eagle-Nebula-wide-2.jpg

http://good-wallpapers.com/wallpapers/11889/1280_Spiral%20Galaxy%20M101%20Eagle%20Nebula.jpg

Eagle Nebula

[Duke of Buckingham]

2013

The year of the Eagle

http://www.catholicsistas.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Eagle(pp_w657_h438).jpg

http://www.clipartpal.com/_thumbs/pd/religion/Griffin.png

http://www.occultofpersonality.net/membership/wp-content/uploads/Scottish%20Rite%20Eagle.jpg

The Eagle

[Duke of Buckingham]

Not my fault that I am shy.

http://barbaralsorensen.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/large_shy_baby_169231.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

I stand with the purity of the answer of the children.

It is life and life is beautiful...


Live and not be ashamed to be happy ...

Sing (sing and sing) the beauty of being a life learner,

(oh my god) I know, that life should be better and will be,

but that does not stop me to repeat,

that is life is beautiful and it is beautiful and it is beautiful ...

It is life but that does not stop me to repeat

It is beautiful, it is beautiful and it is beautiful ...

Gonzaguinha



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iMOXqKTh34


Happy new year

[Duke of Buckingham]

“The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion.”

Albert Camus quotes (French Novelist, Essayist and Playwright, 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature, 1913-1960)

[Duke of Buckingham]

Today I am very tired and need to sleep. See what life gave you and return a small part of it to the world in which you live on. Goodnight.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://i279.photobucket.com/albums/kk143/BPX3_2008/AztecEagleWarrior.jpg

http://outlandcreative.outlandentertainment.com/newfire/Eagle_Warrior_color_72.jpg

http://www.wallpowper.com/wallpaper/2012/12/03/peace-eagle.jpg

2013

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_q-SGvC-JLcE/SLiEMJ7ksEI/AAAAAAAAG50/yMuy18vg82g/s400/eagle_796795i.jpg

The year of the EAGLE

[Duke of Buckingham]

To be a strong and brave warrior is not enough to be free,

person that has no virtue will end being a slave.

We are the produce of a war that still matters,

always walking towards ourselves,

always trying to find where we are,

to be, at last, happy in the UNIVERSE

as the bird that sang in the early morning.

[Duke of Buckingham]

USA best Pictures.
Texas, Lone Star State (First Post)
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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/TX/USA-Texas-Fort%20Worth-0--21191241-.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Can I join you.

Lazy Duke

http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/182hdorr573whjpg/original.jpg

http://www.imageof.net/bulkupload/wallpapers5/Cats/Very%20Lazy%20Cat.jpeg

http://mikegibsonworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Lazy-Leopard.jpg

http://blog.polleverywhere.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/lazy-cat5.jpg

http://imgs.mi9.com/uploads/animal/187/lazy-bones_422_2861.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

[QUOTE=Duke of Buckingham;54763]
USA best Pictures.
Texas, Lone Star State (Second Post)
http://www.usa-pictures.com/images/states-flags/TX-flag.jpg

http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/TX/USA-Texas-Houston-1--49421664-.jpg

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http://photos1.usa-pictures.com/pictures/USA/TX/USA-Texas-Austin-0--23473182-.jpg

http://alcalde.texasexes.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/19-WEB2011-11-16_Wild_Thomas.Allison045.jpg

http://alcalde.texasexes.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/12-2011-11-02_Dia_de_Los_Muertos_Tamir.Kalifa07.jpg

http://alcalde.texasexes.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/16-2011-11-11_Wild_Art_Batli.Joselevitz0512.jpg

http://alcalde.texasexes.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/ut_tower_07.jpg

http://alcalde.texasexes.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/6150947656_77467b6c6f_z.jpg

http://www.truewestmagazine.com/jcontent/images/stories/Apr-2012/apr12_best_texas_ranges_photos_slideshow/robert_bob_speaks_jim_putnam_alonzo_van_lon_oden_j ohn_r_hughes.jpg

http://www.truewestmagazine.com/jcontent/images/resized/images/stories/apr-2012/apr12_best_texas_rangers_photo_ever_fg_300_200.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

2013 - The Year of The Eagle

The golden one this time.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPAPExsSyF4

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45UvhJQn8vM/UJ9cTnsahII/AAAAAAAALhQ/3LbB5nOdS_w/s1600/golden-eagle-+02.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.

Neil Armstrong


A believer is a bird in a cage, a freethinker is an eagle parting the clouds with tireless wing

Robert Green Ingersoll


http://www.iridologyforhealth.co.uk/images/Bald_Eagle_Alaska_(23).jpg

2013 The Year of The Eagle

[Duke of Buckingham]

Click to enlarge (one of three)

1232
1233
1234
1235
1236

[Duke of Buckingham]

Click to enlarge (two of three)

1237
1238
1239
1240

[Duke of Buckingham]

Click to enlarge (three of three)

1241
1242
1243


2013 The year of the EAGLE

[Duke of Buckingham]

I will fly with my

Freedom

http://zeimg.com/uploads/wallpapers/1/Animais/Passaros/Blad-Eagle-Freedom-Wings.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/01.jpg
NYC Taxi by Katya Horner

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/02.jpg
New York City Photography – Crosstown Traffic by Jay Wilson

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/03.jpg
NYC Photo – Radio City Music Hall by dhunting

Very nice NYC taxi's pictures more on: http://www.photographyblogger.net/20-terrific-yellow-taxi-pictures/

[Duke of Buckingham]

Graffiti in Pompeii


The city of Pompeii, located in Italian Campania, has a long and tragic history. From Osco-Samnite origin, in the year 80 BC, was defeated in the social war and received a colony of veterans of General Sulla, becoming the Colonia Cornelia Veneria.

The name comes from the name Cornelia of came from the Sulla Gentile name (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) and Veneria was a homage to the goddess Venus.

This small town at the foot of the volcano Vesuvius, was covered by a large eruption on the night of August 24, 79 AD, along with its neighboring Herculaneum, Stabia and Oplontis. Within hours, lava, ash and poisonous gases covered and killed thousands.

Buried under meters of volcanic materials, these cities can hold details of everyday life of its inhabitants and their cultural richness. Only in 1748, with the discovery of an inscription, the city of Pompeii was rediscovered and gradually its treasures have been revealed by the traces stored there.

In excavations, many inscriptions have been found, of which there have to distinguish two types: the monumental, that are written with capital letters, carved in monuments, burial tombs, public buildings, among others, and the common which are written in cursive, made with brush or stilettos, or in books walls, for records of daily facts.

Common of these inscriptions, calls our attention to large amount found on walls, walls of houses, buildings and taverns, and virtually all spaces available on the walls of Pompeii. Of these, about ten thousand are cataloged in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.

Interventions on the walls come from many different groups and popular city ​​such as farmers, salespeople and craftsmen, gladiators, animal breeders, welded, among others, which can be seen in significant range of graphite, although most is anonymous.

In these inscriptions, people expressed their opinions on various subjects such as their desires and aspirations, loves won and lost; support and criticism of politicians, the emperor messages to friends; excerpts of literary works; opinion on brothels; arithmetic; alphabet letters and gladiator's struggles. With sentences that go from: Long life for those who loves and dead for those that don't know how to love! to: If you can not or not wish for happiness and postponing cherishes the hope, always telling me to return tomorrow? So you summons me to death, forcing me to live without you. You could at least not torment me. Certainly hope returns to the lover what the hope had snatched.

http://www.scientificamerican.com/assets/img/logo_new.jpg has an article about it called: Pompeii "Wall Posts" Reveal Ancient Social Networks (Ancient Pompeii’s political elite vied for advertising space on the “private walls” of wealthy citizens) By Stephanie Pappas and LiveScience at http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=pompeii-wall-posts-show&WT.mc_id=SA_CAT_EVO_20130114.

I will try to post some pictures of the walls of Pompeii a real freeze in time and a very interesting document of The Roman Empire.

Ricardo Ferreira

http://www.baixaki.com.br/imagens/wpapers/BXK9360_pompeia-italia800.jpg

http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/035/370/i02/grafittied-tomb-130110.JPG

http://www.uipi.com.br/images/stories/Internacional/uipi-Parede_na_cidade_italiana_de_Pompeia_desaba_aps_ch uvas-22102011.jpg

http://www.baixaki.com.br/imagens/wpapers/BXK26324_pompeia_4800.jpg

http://f.i.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/images/10335132.jpeg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lzj0U8ZqFRc/S4vsAbO2oLI/AAAAAAAABZI/NfSJVEAxYgM/s320/pompeia5.gif

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lzj0U8ZqFRc/S4vqp0mAuPI/AAAAAAAABYw/kMH33420HVU/s320/pompeia+2.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_s7A1D6BqSxA/TCzV_1cq0MI/AAAAAAAAGVA/CsL5KX2OTEk/s1600/jachie+setwart+-matra+002.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_s7A1D6BqSxA/TCzVPH3QVAI/AAAAAAAAGUw/hhQt1XqUwNc/s640/jachie+setwart+-matra+003.jpg

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http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-spPlPPEhxvM/UNxWamz2MnI/AAAAAAAACAY/OpXp0mvvl24/s1600/1_pompeia_ruinas.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1R4rOTyv2so/T7mhoC0DvTI/AAAAAAAADEU/tSVNAvWuV-Y/s1600/3195469170_d039b5c575_z.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zAu5IiiSQPI/T7mhpOG7I7I/AAAAAAAADEk/Ltn5ZALImpI/s1600/389404340_57e1df8b51_z.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lr2IDt3Dais/T7mhpsS8PKI/AAAAAAAADEs/-bCRpBp-lFo/s1600/389404844_163b60222f_z.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/247/cache/pompeii-victim_24759_600x450.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://cdn.mdjunction.com/components/com_joomlaboard/uploaded/images/b183223547.gif

[Duke of Buckingham]

Due to the recession, to save on energy costs, the light at the end of the tunnel will be turned off.

God

[invisy]

Due to the recession, to save on energy costs, the light at the end of the tunnel will be turned off.

God

we turned off the tunnel light and are waiting

[Duke of Buckingham]

we turned off the tunnel light and are waiting


The tunnel without light that would lead you to salvation (once it use to have that light on the end of the tunnel) was closed because it is so dark and dangerous.

Due to recession will make a much more pinchbeck tunnel to HELL, so you must all go to HELL from now on, we have nice flames there that will keep you warm and gives you some light.

Always working for the damned people.

The Government
http://powerstates.com/wp-content/uploads/fake-smile.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Nice Music Steelhouse Lane - Find Your Way Home


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3qXQ3c0D30

[Duke of Buckingham]

From http://www.graphicmania.net/25-amazing-cars-wallpapers/ you can download this pictures as Wallpapers and much more.

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[Duke of Buckingham]

More Than Everything

More than the forces
Power and kings
Nature and everything that was done
Well more than anything, created by your hands
God you are the beginning, middle and end
Well, over the seas
Well, more than the sun
And all the wonders that the world has known
And the riches, treasures of this earth
You are incomparable to me

For love, gave his life
My lord, was humiliated
As the bruised flower in the garden
He died for me, think of me
Loved me.

Well more forces
Power and kings
That nature and everything that was done
Well more than anything, created by your hands
God you are the beginning, middle and end
Well over the seas
Well more than the sun
And the wonders that the world has known
And the riches, treasures of this earth
Are incomparable to me

For love, gave his life
My lord, was humiliated
As the bruised flower in the garden
He died for me, think of me
Loved me.
For love, gave his life
My lord, was humiliated
As the bruised flower in the garden
He died for me, think of me
Loved me
As the bruised flower in the garden
He died for me, think of me
Loved me ...

and I love you.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Untangling the Mysteries of Alzheimer's

As you read this illustrated story, two more people are being diagnosed with the disease


By Dwayne Godwin and Jorge Cham | January 20, 2013 |

http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/mind-in-pictures-stolen-memory_2.jpg.pagespeed.ce.EP79oiTgCA.jpg

FROM http://www.scientificamerican.com/assets/img/logo_new.jpg

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=untangling-mysteries-alzheimers&WT.mc_id=SA_CAT_HLTH_20130122

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/461/cache/infinity-pool-singapore-chen_46147_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/465/cache/horses-southern-iceland_46570_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/470/cache/asiago-plateau-fog-italy_47050_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/461/cache/submerged-plane-bahamas_46142_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/461/cache/sunset-rainbow-vermont_46143_600x450.jpg

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http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/465/cache/iguazu-falls-brazil-argentina_46571_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/465/cache/riverbank-graffiti-belgrade_46574_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/378/cache/kermode-bear-tree_37821_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/605/cache/nikon-small-world-2012-spiders_60563_600x450.jpg

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/605/cache/nikon-small-world-2012-ant_60555_600x450.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Infinite
Fresno

I've never been to remember
Neither have pictures at home
They are the source of the problem

Life is not always
The way I hoped
I do not even know if it's worth

But if I paint an infinite horizon
And walk
The way I believe
I'll get to a place of my own

There may be a new love for me to live
Maybe a new pain for me to feel
The right drug to make you forget
Will erase your mark on me

Everything can be there

I wish power from
No bye, no mail, no nothing
Get well away from my planet

And notice

and we are too small
In the vastness of galaxies
Back aboard on a comet

But if I think that there is something in everything perfect
And so, fly to where the air is thin
I'll get to a place of my own

There may be a new love for me to live
Maybe a new pain for me to feel
The right drug to make you forget
Will erase your mark on me

Everything can be there

There may be a new love for me to live
Maybe a new pain for me to feel
The right drug to make you forget
Will erase your mark on me

Everything can be there

Everything can be there

Everything can be there
And I am here ...


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXLfnchfP8U


Infinito
Fresno

Eu nunca fui de lembrar
Nem tenho quadros em casa
Pois são a fonte do problema

A vida nem sempre é
Do jeito que eu esperava
Eu já nem sei se vale à pena

Mas se eu pintar um horizonte infinito
E caminhar
Do jeito que eu acredito
Eu vou chegar em um lugar só meu

Lá pode ter um novo amor pra eu viver
Quem sabe uma nova dor pra eu sentir
A droga certa pra fazer te esquecer
Vai apagar a tua marca de mim

Tudo pode estar lá

Quem dera poder partir
Sem tchau, sem mala, sem nada
Ver bem de longe o meu planeta

E perceber

Que a gente é pequeno demais
Na imensidão das galáxias
Voltar a bordo de um cometa

Mas se eu pensar, que em tudo há algo de perfeito
E assim, voar, pra onde o ar é rarefeito
Eu vou chegar em um lugar só meu

Lá pode ter um novo amor pra eu viver
Quem sabe uma nova dor pra eu sentir
A droga certa pra fazer te esquecer
Vai apagar a tua marca de mim

Tudo pode estar lá

Lá pode ter um novo amor pra eu viver
Quem sabe uma nova dor pra eu sentir
A droga certa pra fazer te esquecer
Vai apagar a tua marca de mim

Tudo pode estar lá

Tudo pode estar lá

Tudo pode estar lá
E eu aqui

[Duke of Buckingham]

20 Fun Pictures of Cats and Dogs Wearing Glasses

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/189.jpg
In Deep Thought by Bethany Helzer

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/228.jpg
Cat wearing glasses by Hoyt Ramey

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/419.jpg
Chihuahua Impersonating Groucho Marx by Hope Harris

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/614.jpg
Cat in Glasses 2 by Robin Sharp

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/514.jpg
Sophisticated Dog by Melanie Ann

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/914.jpg
Norwich Terrier Reads Book by Susan Stone

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Go Ahead, Laugh. by Morgan

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1217.jpg
Wee Westie with Glasses by Randy Robertson

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A cat is posed seated on a chair in front of another cat operating a camera. via Beverly & Pack

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Cute Baby Dog by Matthias

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Smarty cat out takes. by Jessica F.

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The devil’s own… by eleni boulasiki

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1710.jpg
Rio by Found Animals Foundation

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1810.jpg
Max by Found Animals Foundation

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/198.jpg
30 Days of Gratitude- Day 25 by aussiegal

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/207.jpg
Dogs and Glasses by Kurtis Garbutt

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1015.jpg
Rose coloured glasses by TheGiantVermin

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/229.jpg
Thank God My Dog Cant Talk by Delane Ash

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/233.jpg
Cool Puppy by zhouxuan12345678

and much more on http://www.photographyblogger.net/

[Duke of Buckingham]

Portugal big wave and Garret McNamara

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/01/29/article-0-173BE77D000005DC-173_964x640.jpg

Nice

beat that heart as mine has bitten some years ago.

http://media.heavy.com/media/2013/01/big-wave-surfing-8.jpg

http://www.surfersvillage.com/img/st/1801-portugal_DSC_3247.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Chicken with Mushrooms for dinner ...

I deserve no less. =P~

1255

[artemis8]

mmm I was thinking of chicken marsala for dinner tonight too!

[Duke of Buckingham]

I was afraid to call it Chicken Marsala but it seems you gave the same name, I like to eat but I must eat less and less, oh my. :((

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cn3Lum8n_5o/TeNVS7d97XI/AAAAAAAAAa0/4jvhEh3sYW4/s1600/fat+man.jpg

[artemis8]

haha, yeah I could stand to eat less myself :P
I ended up just making scrambled egg with green pepper burritos and an orange for dinner instead, it was easier!

[Duke of Buckingham]

I could eat that also ... :D

http://www.superhealthykids.com/uploads/files/9109/large/201208making-a-breakfast-burrito.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

The Last Thing the Squirrel Saw

By Kyle Hill | January 28, 2013 | Comments16


We have to assume it was a squirrel, but we know how it died. It died squirming and convulsing in the talons of an owl, locked in by the bone ratchets the owl shares with other raptors. Based on what was left behind, we also know that the attacker was likely a Great Horned Owl or a Northern Hawk Owl with a wingspan between 86 and 87 centimeters. All of this we can glean from a striking impression of a deadly strike.

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/image-of-the-week/files/2013/01/Wingprint.jpg
The Wingprint

There is perhaps no evidence of a kill more beautiful than these wing-prints left in the frigid Timiskaming, Ontario snow. Like throwing flour on the invisible man, the snow lets us see the tracks of an invisible predator—invisible at least to the squirrel.

With hearing good enough to sense rodents and other prey inches under the snow, owls feed by plunging their talons deeply through the drifts and into their prey. In the summer, the last thing many small mammals see is the owl. In the winter, strategies change, and many owls supplement their mammalian meat with that of small ground-dwelling birds like grouse. No matter the food, the killing itself isn’t pretty. Hawk owls in particular eviscerate small mammals before eating their heads and organs, thereafter caching the remains.

An owl can triangulate a scurrying vole better than you or I ever could, but the kill is not always so graceful. The hole at this kill site is likely enlarged by the repeated digging that is necessary to finally pierce a vole or grouse.

Often in science, we are unfortunately relegated to tangential, rather than direct, observation. To test the most obtuse “multiple universe” theories, for example, we might be able to look for boundaries where universes affect each other, but never the universes themselves. We have never seen a single electron, but stipulate its existence because of how atoms interact and how chemical reactions progress. Likewise, we never saw this owl swoop from the sky to puncture a helpless squirrel, but the wing-prints tell the story, a story about survival. The owl’s wingtips etched a testament to this unseen battle in the Canadian snow.

Sitting happily atop the food chain, we are oblivious to the intricacies of animal survival until our attention focuses on it. It takes something striking to raise the minutia of daily subsistence to conscious wonderment. Sometimes it takes an impression of feathers, frozen, somber. It was the last thing the squirrel ever saw.

Image: Gavin Murphy
Kyle HillAbout the Author: Kyle Hill is currently working as a research assistant at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor's degree in Environmental Engineering and is now pursuing a master's degree in Communication with a focus on science, health, environment, and sustainability. His research is focused on how personal motivations and website characteristics affect the depth of information processing. Hill is also a research fellow with the James Randi Educational Foundation and a blogger for Nature Education Student Voices. He writes daily at the Science-Based Life blog and you can follow him on Twitter under the name @Sci_Phile. Follow on Twitter @Sci_Phile.

About the author more on http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/about.php?author=500

[Duke of Buckingham]

Loving me has never been easy, I'm like a wild fire burning anyone that comes near me or just a light that it is to strong for people to see after the dark shadows of this world.

Yes it is hard to tame, but I wanna thank you for loving me anyway, life is much better with your love. I can only hope I make yours a bit better, at least for small while.


Ricardo, The Crazy Duke



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lH2R0aGmIPs

[Duke of Buckingham]

There are some things that are so serious that we must joke about it. Nothing bad intended, is only that we just don't know how to face the serious reality without joking.

Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don't resist them - that only creates sorrow. Let reality be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like. In spite of a way of thinking that says that reality is wrong and dreams are for real.

No less don't take anything on a personal level. Nothing that others do is because of you. When you are immune to the opinions and actions of others, you won't be the victim of needless suffering.

Life is not a a sorrow or a problem to be solved, but a reality to be experienced.

I remember now a letter from a song of Gonzaguinha that I consider one of beautifulest writings of the Portuguese language and let you with it.

To all of my friends, from the present, from the pass and from the future.

What Is, What Is It?
Gonzaguinha

I stand
With purity
Of the answer of the children
It is life, is beautiful
And it's beautiful ...

Live!
And do not be ashamed
To be happy
Sing and sing and sing
The beauty of being
A ethernal learner ...

Oh my God!
I know, I know
That life should be
Much better and will be
But that does not stop me
from repeating
It's beautiful, it's beautiful
And it's beautiful ...

And life!
And what is life?
Tell me, my brother
She is the beat
A heart
She is a sweet illusion
Hei! Ho! ..

And life
It is wonder
Or is it suffering?
It is joy
Or regret?
What is it? What is it?
My brother ...

Some talk
Which one's life
It is nothing in the world
It is a drop, it is a time
That not give just a second ...

Some talk
That is a divine
profound mystery
It is the breath of the creator
An attitude full of love ...

You say that it is fighting and pleasure
He says life is living
She says it is better to die
For she is not beloved
And her verb is suffering ...

I just know that I trust the girl
And in the girl I put the power of faith
We are the ones that do life
How to give, or can, or want ...

always desired
For most that is wrong
Nobody wants death
Only health and luck ...

And the question wheel
And the head shakes
I stand with purity
Of the answer of the children
That's life, is beautiful
And it's beautiful ...


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iMOXqKTh34

O Que É, O Que É?
Gonzaguinha

Eu fico
Com a pureza
Da resposta das crianças
É a vida, é bonita
E é bonita...

Viver!
E não ter a vergonha
De ser feliz
Cantar e cantar e cantar
A beleza de ser
Um eterno aprendiz...

Ah meu Deus!
Eu sei, eu sei
Que a vida devia ser
Bem melhor e será
Mas isso não impede
Que eu repita
É bonita, é bonita
E é bonita...

E a vida!
E a vida o que é?
Diga lá, meu irmão
Ela é a batida
De um coração
Ela é uma doce ilusão
Hê! Hô!...

E a vida
Ela é maravilha
Ou é sofrimento?
Ela é alegria
Ou lamento?
O que é? O que é?
Meu irmão...

Há quem fale
Que a vida da gente
É um nada no mundo
É uma gota, é um tempo
Que nem dá um segundo...

Há quem fale
Que é um divino
Mistério profundo
É o sopro do criador
Numa atitude repleta de amor...

Você diz que é luta e prazer
Ele diz que a vida é viver
Ela diz que melhor é morrer
Pois amada não é
E o verbo é sofrer...

Eu só sei que confio na moça
E na moça eu ponho a força da fé
Somos nós que fazemos a vida
Como der, ou puder, ou quiser...

Sempre desejada
Por mais que esteja errada
Ninguém quer a morte
Só saúde e sorte...

E a pergunta roda
E a cabeça agita
Eu fico com a pureza
Da resposta das crianças
É a vida, é bonita
E é bonita...


Ricardo Ferreira

[Duke of Buckingham]

10 Perfect Pictures For Valentine’s Day

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine10.jpg
Red Waves by Jake Bellucci

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine9.jpg
Have a Heart by D. Sharon Pruitt

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Holding On To Love by D. Sharon Pruitt

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine7.jpg
My Sweet Valentine by D. Sharon Pruitt

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine6.jpg
Colorful Pink Romantic Rose Petals by D. Sharon Pruitt

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine5.jpg
Untitled by Steven Depolo

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine4.jpg
cupcake by Heather Katsoulis

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jmv/3278564844/
Valentine's at Robson Square by jmv

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine2.jpg
Candy Hearts by Kolin Toney

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/valentine.jpg
Overlapping petals by ericabreetoe

http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Picture7.jpg
Grayscale, Daytona and Vignette filters. Love isn’t about the age, is it?

More nice pictures on: http://www.photographyblogger.net/

[Duke of Buckingham]

My favorite


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFobet45DFQ&feature=endscreen

[Duke of Buckingham]

From darkness I understand the night
dreams flow, a star shines
Ah! I desire Evenstar

Look! A star rises out of the darkness
The song of the star enchants my heart
Ah! I desire


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6hJqI5BEW8

[Duke of Buckingham]

Where are you artemis8? Is everything OK?

[Duke of Buckingham]

Where are you artemis8? Is everything OK?

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/raywoo/raywoo1203/raywoo120300005/12907406-chalk-writing--where-are-you-now.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Men of ill judgment ignore the good that lies within their hands, till they have lost it.

Sophocles


A physician is not angry at the intemperance of a mad patient, nor does he take it ill to be railed at by a man in fever. Just so should a wise man treat all mankind, as a physician does his patient, and look upon them only as sick and extravagant.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

[artemis8]

Sorry Duke, I am here! We got lots of snow in Kansas City :)

[Duke of Buckingham]

I couldn't be happier that you are OK, princess.

http://www.xweather.org/images/snow1.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Very good page.

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/webdr02/2013/1/22/9/anigif_enhanced-buzz-3111-1358865015-6.gif

http://www.buzzfeed.com/virginmobilelive/20-people-that-are-doing-it-wrong-5l87/

[artemis8]

haha, that page turning boy is funny.

[Duke of Buckingham]

I am going. I am going artemis8.:)

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/webdr03/2013/1/22/10/anigif_enhanced-buzz-2746-1358869800-2.gif

[Duke of Buckingham]

I am going. I am going artemis8.:)

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/webdr03/2013/1/22/10/anigif_enhanced-buzz-2746-1358869800-2.gif

FASTER ... FASTER

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/webdr03/2013/1/22/9/anigif_enhanced-buzz-13863-1358864362-4.gif

[artemis8]

zoom!

[Duke of Buckingham]

All that we do return to us.

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/webdr03/2013/1/22/10/anigif_enhanced-buzz-2097-1358869651-1.gif

That place is mine, mine mine ...

http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/webdr02/2013/1/22/9/anigif_enhanced-buzz-3056-1358866609-7.gif

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon I

Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in Europe, having been founded over three millennia. It along with Setúbal, Alcacer do Sal and some cities in the Algarve of Portugal's oldest and also the second oldest capital of the European Union, after Athens, older than Rome for four centuries.

His story circulates around its strategic position at the mouth of the largest river of the Iberian Peninsula, the Tagus, its natural harbor to be best for the refueling of boats that trade between the North Sea and the Mediterranean, besides its proximity in the far south and west of Europe, with new continents Saharan Africa and America.

Prehistory

There are traces of human occupation in the area that is now Lisbon's many thousands of years ago, attracted by the river Tagus. The first human inhabitants of the region would have been Neanderthals, extinct for over 30,000 years by the arrival of modern man to the Peninsula. During the Neolithic period, the peoples of the Iberian West are among the pioneers in the construction and dissemination of religious function of megaliths, and did so in the region, like other peoples of Atlantic Europe: dolmens, menhirs and cromlechs have been common and some are still here.

Origins: The Oestrimni and Ofiússa; Tartéssicos, Phoenicians and Celts

Legend has it that the popular and romantic city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Odysseus. The Oestrimnios are given as the first known indigenous people of Portugal. Oestremni mean (the people) far west. They extended their territory of Galicia to the Algarve. The first documented invasion occurred long before the birth of Christ, when Ofis and other tribes entered the Iberian peninsula and colonized the fertile lands of Oestreminis, near the rivers Douro and Tagus River.

Recently archaeological finds were made near the Castle of Sao Jorge and Lisbon Cathedral evidence that the city may have been founded or visited by the Phoenicians around 1200 BC, and now there previously, they traded with and was related. At this time the Phoenicians traveled to the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall, in Britain, to buy tin to the natives.

The Sea of ​​Straw or Tagus estuary is the best natural harbor in the river route and an important route for trade in food and metals with the tribes of the interior, having been theorized, perhaps precisely because of this, the foundation of a colony called Alis Ubbo that the Phoenician language means "safe harbor" or "mild cove" (and probably goddaughter of the great city of Tyre, Lebanon). The colony extended from the hill of what are now the Castle and Cathedral, to the river, they called Daghi or Taghi (meaning "good fishing" in Phoenician).

Another theory holds the origin of its name in toponymy Celtic or pre-Celtic river Tejo. In its original name, or Lisso Lucio, would have been added the suffix Tartéssico.

With the development of Carthage, a Phoenician colony, control or business contact with narrower Olisipo went to that city. For centuries, Phoenicians and Carthaginians have developed or established relationships with the city from what was a simple trading post for commerce in the northern seas, to an important market where they exchanged their products manufactured by metals, salt fish and salt from the region and the tribes contacted via the Tagus river. The horses, ancestors the current Lusitanian horses were already so famous in the Mediterranean for its speed, and Pliny claimed that the mares Tagus should be fertilized by the wind.

The early Jews (Hebrews) may have arrived with the Phoenicians, their neighbors. The Hebrew is virtually identical to the Phoenician and it was rare that the boat was not carrying Phoenician merchants or members of the Kingdom of Israel.

With the arrival of the Celts, they mingled with the Iberians local people, giving rise to Celtic-speaking tribes of the region, or Conni Cinetes the Saefes and Cempsi.

The ancient Greeks were probably at the mouth of the Tagus a trading post for some time, but his conflict with the Carthaginians throughout the Mediterranean undoubtedly led to its abandonment due to the greater power of Carthage in the region at that time.

Moreover, the suffix "ippo" (ipo) is characteristic of influence areas tartéssica or turdetana.

The gods Aracus, carneus, and Bandiarbariaicus Coniumbricenses were venerated in "Lisbon" in pre-Roman, by Turduli the region.

Olissipo: Roman Lisbon

Olissipo allied to the Romans when they led by Decimus Junius Brutus, sought to conquer the Lusitano and other peoples of the Northwest Peninsular. The townspeople fought alongside the Legions against these Celtic tribes. In exchange was awarded the title of Roman citizens and the city wide autonomy as Roman Municipality. Was included in the province of Lusitania, headed by Emerita Augusta.

The town was located between Castle Hill and Low, but the more riverine areas were still submerged at that time Tagus. Olissipo in Roman times was an important commercial center, making the link between the Mediterranean and northern provinces. Its main products were the garum, a fish sauce luxury, the salt and the famous Lusitanian horses.

The city was a major center of the introduction and development of Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula. The first bishop was St. Gens Lisbon.

Invasions and the Germans

The degeneration of the Empire, and feudalization society led to the first Roman invasions of Germanic peoples, Huns and others. Initially accepted as settlers in desertified land by terrible epidemics that killed much of the population at that time (probably of Smallpox and Measles), quickly became on military expeditions for purposes of plunder and conquest.

At the beginning of the fifth century the Vandals (who then retire to North Africa) take Olissipo, followed by the Alans. In 419 Olissipo was looted and burned by the Goths Tribal King Walia, Remismundo won Lisbon in 468 with the help of a Spanish-Roman Lusidius (a Lisbon citizen), and finally in 469 is integrated in the United Suevo whose capital was Braga. After the invasion of the Visigoths, they settle in Toledo and after several wars during the sixth century, conquered the Suevi, unifying the Iberian Peninsula, including the city they called Ulishbona.

During this troubled time, Lisbon loses political ties with Constantinople, but not commercial. Merchants Greeks, Syrians, Jews and others from the East, form communities that exchange local products with the Byzantine Empire, Asia and India.

Al-Ushbuna: Lisbon Muslim

After three centuries of plundering, looting and loss of dynamic commercial Ulishbuna would be little more than a village at the beginning of the seventh century. This is where, taking advantage of a civil war Hispanic Visigothic kingdom, the Arabs led by Tariq invade the Iberian Peninsula with its Moorish troops in 711. Olishbuna was conquered by the troops of Abdelaziz ibn Musa, one of the sons of Tariq, as well as the rest of the West.

Again Lisbon, known by the Arabs as al-Ushbuna, becomes a major commercial and administrative center for the lands along the Tagus, gathering their products and exchanging them for the Mediterranean Arab products, particularly Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria and Iraq. On current estimates the city would have at its peak in the tenth century, more than 100,000 inhabitants, and Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Cordoba and Seville, was one of the largest cities in Europe, many times larger than Paris and London, which at full Age Average people would have just 5-10000.

Most of the people took the Arabic language and the Muslim minority invader that installs itself as elite. The Christian population, Mozarabic, with its own Bishop follows the Mozarabic rite of Visigothic traditions, speakers of Arabic or a variety of Vulgar Latin, the Mozarabic, romance similar to spoken in Galicia and northern provinces, is tolerated as a in exchange dhimmi tax, the jizyah. This community Mozarabic rites and customs which followed Christian Visigothic is often rejected when it comes into contact with Catholics. Were the Mozarabic that led to the remains Lisbon St. Vincent, who became the patron of the city.

The Jewish community that existed since the founding of the city by the Phoenicians, is greatly enhanced by the Jews settled there as merchants and financial profiting with the elevation of the prominent city and commercial hub. In addition to salt, fish and horses, traded up the spices from the Levant, medicinal herbs, dried fruit, honey and furs. The Saqaliba become part of the population and have a prominent position. The Slavic Sabur al-Saqlabi becomes, during what was known as regulus Slavic, ruler of the taifa of Badajoz, and their sons Abd al-Aziz ibn Sabur and Abd al-Malik ibn Sabur taifa rulers of Lisbon.

Al-Ushbuna is renovated and rebuilt in accordance with the standards of the Middle East: a large mosque, a castle on top of the hill (which in modified form became the Castelo de Sao Jorge), a palace for the Governor or (fortress) almedina one or urban center and a Alcacer. The Alfama district grows alongside the original urban core. The citadel of al-Madan, the current Almada is founded on the south bank of the river to protect the city.

The Arabs and Berbers introduced around the city its irrigated agriculture, which is much more productive than the previous methods of dryland. The waters of the Tagus and its tributaries are used to irrigate the land in summer, producing several crops a year as lettuces and vegetables and fruits such as oranges.

Politically, the beginning, the city is part of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus, Syria. It consists of a large chronic rebellion of Berber or "Moors" facing the elite of Saudi Arab in 740, who needed reinforcements for the Caliphate be deleted. The city is then subjected to the Caliphate of Cordoba, in which the survivors gain independence Umayyad Caliphate of the new Egyptian Abbasid.

With the beginning of the Reconquista, the opulent al-Ushbuna is a target of the raids Christians, who plunder the city first in 796 and other occasions in the following years, led by King Alfonso II of Asturias, but the border remains north of the Douro. In 844 several dozen boats of the Vikings emerge in the Sea of ​​Straw, and Scandinavians provide the siege, conquered the city and the surrounding fields, which are for 13 days. But the Vikings eventually from the face of continued resistance townspeople led by Allah ibn Hazme.

At the beginning of X century in al-Ushbuna arise various sects islmâmicas converts Hispanic population. These sects are forms of political organization with which the indigenous revolt against the obstacles put in his social ascent by a hierarchical system in which first came to the small elite descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, after the Arab thoroughbred, then Berbers or Moors and then Latinos Arabized and Muslim. Several Latino leaders emerge, as Ali ibn Ashra and others, who claim to be prophets or descendants of Ali (Shia) than with allies in other cities start civil wars with Sunni Arab troops. The Mozarabic were treated even worse in a way, like the Jews, sometimes suffering persecution that although regrettable to modern eyes, were a pale image of what Catholics would not only against Muslims and Jews, but even against Christians themselves not Catholics reconquered lands.

New Viking attack following would unsuccessfully in 966. The King of Asturias Ordonho I pillage the city again in the mid-ninth century, as Alfonso VI of León in 1093, which he retained in his Kingdom of León for two years, after conquering the city of al-Santaryn or Santarém.

With the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Cordoba around the year 1000 with the infighting, the notables of al-Ushbuna oscillate between obedience to the Taifa of Badajoz or Seville, managing to maneuver to obtain considerable autonomy. However in 1111 a new pan-Hispanic Caliphate is established by invasion from the deserts of Morocco Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf, whose troops are fought only in the region of Tomar Gualdim for Parents. This lasts for a short time until the return time of the division of Taifas and autonomy and prosperity of al-Ushbuna

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon II


Crusades: Portugal conquest Lisbon

While the Islamic Taifas South fragmented, the North was based on the Portucalense the Kingdom of León, already in full Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Although based in Guimarães, the economic strength that allowed Portucalense autonomy was in Oporto (or Portucale port city of Cale, the current Gaia). The new kingdom, recently centered in Coimbra, would eventually attach Lisbon, integrating the entire line of the Tagus.

Famous and opulent, the city would give the kingdom quite prestigious. The first attempt of Dom Afonso Henriques to conquer al-Ushbuna gave up in 1137 and failed in the face of the city walls. In 1140 leverages the Crusaders who were in Portugal to new attack that failed again.

Only in June and July 1147, with the help of a force of crusaders more numerous, about 164 boats full of men, can be successful. While their Portuguese forces attacked the land, the Crusaders, mostly English and Normans, lured by promises of free loot, set up their siege engines like catapults and towers, and attacked both by sea and prevented the arrival of reinforcements from southern. At first encounters Muslims killing many mature Christians, and moral crusaders is affected, occurring several bloody conflicts between the various groups of Christians.

Says The Legend, that after many attempts, a door is brake open from the Portuguese Martim Moniz and keep it open with his body allowing his companions to enter, even dying crushed by it. Most likely with the help of machines of siege, the walls are exceeded on 23 October 1147. According Osbernus, after entering the city, and the Flemish colonienses not respect the oath or word given to the king of Portugal and sack the city, acting without respect against maidens and cut the neck of the bishop of the city. After the conquest of the city, an epidemic of plague decimates thousands of lives among the Mozarabic and Muslims.

Dom Afonso Henriques officially takes possession of the city on 1 November, when a religious ceremony, transform the great mosque of seven summits, the Aljama in the Lisbon Cathedral. The Bishop Gilbert of Hastings is a crossover English, and many of the most prominent crusaders are donated lands and titles of the region. St. Anthony was born in 1195 in the city by the name of Fernando de Bouillon.

The King would give the Charter in 1179, and try to recover the city's trade links inaugurating a large new market or fair. The result of these efforts is that Portuguese merchants Christians or Jews not only contain some of the ancient trade links al-Ushbuna, as in Andalusia (Seville and Cádiz), and the Mediterranean to Constantinople, and open up new avenues for ports Northern Europe, Muslims rarely visited due to ideological differences. In fact the first of Lisbon Medieval Christian vocation is once again the mediation of trade between the North Sea and the Mediterranean, but thanks to advances in ocean navigation volumes are increasing. Portuguese merchants open houses in Seville, Southampton, Bruges and the Hansa cities, and Portuguese Jews continue to trade with their cousins ​​in North Africa. They change up the spices, silks and home remedies Mediterranean; gold, ivory, rice, alum, almonds and sugar bought from Arabs and Moors, along with olive oil, salt, wine, cork, honey and wax with the Portuguese textile wool or linen thin, tin, iron, dyes, amber, weapons, furs and crafts North. Are founded shipyards for the construction of commercial and military boats, which Armada is essential in protecting trade against the Saracen pirates. To meet the growing demand for increasingly large populations of Europe in the twelfth century and XIII Century, are stimulated innovations in the construction of boats, the boat that strong but clumsy pass, a synthesis of whether Christian, Viking and Arabic, for the caravel ( first reference in 1226), the first real Atlantic ship. The professions related to navigation, such as carpenters and sailors are given privileges and protection, including the creation of a Judge in Lisbon, the Alcaide of the Sea (1242).

An indirect effect of all this dynamism Lisbon is the bane of German merchants, who did the same trade by having (a more expensive route but the only possible when the ships and their Muslim pirates controlled the south of Spain and the Straits of Gibraltar) between the Netherlands and Italy and Hansa and its ports. The Holy Roman Empire loses influence over their kingdoms, duchies and city-state constituents, and German merchants, hitherto masters of European trade, are forced to seek new markets in the east.

Following this prosperity, and increased security in Lisbon with the final conquest of the Algarve in the thirteenth century, in 1256 Afonso III of Portugal notes the obvious and pick the largest and most powerful city of his kingdom for Capital, then moving to the Court Files and the Treasury (who were in Coimbra). Dinis, the first King to preside over all his reign in Lisbon, then create the University in 1290, which transferred to Coimbra in 1308 only due to increasing conflicts with the students of Lisbon. It is at this time that the area where today is the Palace Square is claimed from the sea via drains the already muddy terrain (river was free until the time of the conquest, but cemented due to deposits of the river). New streets are drawn, as Rua Nova, and Rossio becomes first city center, stealing that distinction to Castle Hill. Other buildings were Dinis a wall Cais da Ribeira new front against the pirates, and renovations Palace Arabic (the Alcazaba, destroyed in the 1755 earthquake) and the Cathedral

Besides the Portuguese colonies in the cities of northern Europe, colonies of merchants from the rest of Europe set up in Lisbon, one of the most important cities in international trade. Not counting the Jews (which existed as Portuguese), the Genoese are the most numerous, followed by Venetians and other Italians, and Dutch and British. These merchants to bring Portugal new cartographic techniques and navigation techniques beyond banking, financial and otherwise known as the system of Mercantilism, plus knowledge of the origins of Asian luxury goods such as silks and spices, bringing Eastern Byzantine and Islamic .

Politically tensions with Castile are counterbalanced with an Alliance signed in 1308, which continued uninterruptedly until today, with the main trading partner of Lisbon (and Port), England. The alliance forms one of the two sides of the Hundred Years War, on the other hand are beyond Castile France. At the time of Fernando de Portugal starts a war with Castile, and boats with cannons lisboetas are recruited as the Genoese an unsuccessful attack to Seville. In response the Spaniards lay siege to Lisbon, taking it in 1373, but are paid to retire. It is in the wake of this disaster that are built Great Walls Fernandinas Lisbon.

Socially lived beneath all types of laborers and street merchants, as well as fishermen and farmers of vegetable gardens. This era are the various crafts Streets, in which corporations were organized mesteriais, directed by the Masters: Gold Street (silversmith); Rua da Prata (silver jewelers); Rua dos Fanqueiros; Street of the Shoemakers, Rua dos and mercers Rua dos Correeiros. These corporations were educated learners and social protection systems and control prices enjoyed by its members. The aristocracy, attracted by the court, drew up building large palaces, and played bureaucratic functions. But the most important class of Lisbon, even after gaining political functions as capital, was the merchants, the bourgeoisie that was the core strength of this commercial was the most important in Europe. They are the tycoons who control the trade city and its oligarchic County. It is because of these needs that are organized in the city professionals: bankers to coordinate the risks; men Laws to protect and handle your legal rights; experts and scientists to build their boats and navigation instruments. With his influence, can extract the Monarchy mercantilist measures that favor, and are a great impetus to explore new markets. The Company is founded Naus, a real insurance company that requires payment of fees required of all owners in exchange for sharing of losses after shipwrecks, organizing more than five hundred large ships of tycoons in town. With the increasing profits, the wealthiest merchants acquire titles of nobility, while the poorer nobles engage in trade.

Among minorities, there were those of Jews and Muslims (Moors not only Arabs but Islamized and Latin Arabic language). There was a large Jewry occupying the parishes of St. Mary Magdalene, St. Julian and St. Nicholas, on Rua Nova and Merchants (where was the Great Synagogue). The Jews (perhaps 10% of the population, or even more) are great traders, with links to their coreligionists throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, and those who do not practice the trade are a big part of the literati, such as doctors, lawyers, cartographers and specialists in the sciences or arts. Its business is fundamental to the economic vitality of the city. Sephardic Jews of Lisbon entres include big names such as Abravanel. However they are forced to live separately, forbidden to go out at night, forced to wear badges in robes and extra pay taxes, and are always the first victims in situations of popular revolts.

The ghetto was Mouraria correspondent for Muslims, containing the Grand Mosque. Yet there were prosperous and educated as Jews, since the Muslim elites had fled to North Africa, while the literate speakers of Portuguese Jews had no homeland. Most were workers with low skill level wages, and many Christians were slaves. They too had to use symbols in robes and pay extra taxes, and suffered the violence of the crowds. The term comes from the hick who paid excise Muslims who cultivated gardens in the city limits, the salaio; Lisboan well as the term comes from the cultivation of these plants by the Arabs, so little consumed in the North.

However the city's prosperity would be interrupted. In 1290 occurs the first major historical earthquake, thousands of people died and many buildings are crumbling. New earthquakes recorded in 1318, 1321, 1334, 1337 and in 1344 a large part of which destroys the Cathedral and the Alcazaba, in 1346, 1356 (destroys another portion of the Cathedral), 1366, 1395 and 1404 all possibly resulting from adjustments in same flaw. Hunger arises in 1333 and in 1348 appears the first time the Black Death, which has killed half the population, with new outbreaks of lower mortality in each decade, as more people were born susceptible. These disasters destroyed in Lisbon as the rest of Europe vibrant Civilization of the Middle Ages, with its cathedrals and its universal spirit of Christianity, but paved the way for the emergence of the new civilization of Discovery and the new scientific spirit.

Revolution

The new chapter in the history of Lisbon born with the great revolution Crisis of 1383-85. After the death of Fernando de Portugal, the Kingdom would go to the King of Castile, John I of Castile. The great aristocrats and clerics North, owners of large estates in the South who acquired after the Reconquista, and had interests similar to those of Castilian culture with an emphasis on social distinctions based on possession of the land, in the spirit of crusade against the Moors in North Africa , and the benefits of the union of all Hispania. However these are not the interests of the merchants of Lisbon (many small gentry). For Lisbon, union with Castile mean a dilution of commercial links with Britain and the North, and also with the Middle East, as well as a diversion of attention of privileges to merchants and boat building trade and war for land armies and privileges to Noble. That's why small merchants and noblemen merchant initially supported the Master of Avis, D. John War of 1383 is at bottom a war between conservative Catholic and medieval aristocracy, and connected very similar to their counterparts Galician and Castillian, the former Portucalense centered in Minho (Except Bourgeois Porto, Lisbon ally, among other large cities personalities and North), and the wealthy merchants and pluralistic Lisbon. Nobles North had founded and conquered the country and for them the growing field of Lisbon threatened his supremacy as the alliance with the noble Castilians reestablished. For Lisbon, a city of commerce, feudal practices and land wars of Castilians were a risk to their business. Are the bourgeois who earn the fight with its British connections and huge capital: the Master of Avis is acclaimed John I of Portugal, winning the siege of Lisbon in 1384, and the Battle of Aljubarrota in leadership in 1385 against Nun'Álvares Pereira forces of Castile and the nobles of the North. The new Portuguese aristocracy is formed from merchants Lisboetas, and it is only from this date that the center is really Northern Portugal to Lisbon, Portugal becoming a sort of city-state, where almost only their interests determine the course and independence of the country.

The new bourgeois nobles built their palaces and stately homes in the neighborhood of Santos, while others are the University buildings in Alfama, who returns to Lisbon; Carmo Church, Customs, and some of the first residential buildings throughout Europe with several floors to five. The town consists of narrow, winding streets, most of clay, where the houses alternate with gardens and orchards. The city continues to grow, and the abandonment of large irrigation techniques very productive Muslim means that you must import wheat from Castile, France, land of the Rhine and even Morocco. Lisbon is a city that grows too much for the country, and this becomes a surrounding territory similar to other commercial cities. Lisbon, Antwerp along with the Atlantic serve the same function as the trade organization that Venice, Genoa, Barcelona or Ragusa in the Mediterranean, or Hamburg, Lubeck and other Baltic. In 1417 it is forbidden to lie garbage near the Monastery of Mount Carmel and other areas of Lisbon. In 1426 another law prohibits throw garbage and let chickens loose in the streets of Lisbon under penalty of paying a fine.

The foreign policy interests of Lisbon follows: are signed trade agreements and cooperation with the city-state of Venice trade agreement (1392), Genoa (1398), Pisa and Florence, whose merchants were already living in the city, and many of which are naturalized and become noble Portuguese. Is conquered Ceuta in 1415 to allow merchants Lisboetas better local control (and fight against pirates Saracens) of Mediterranean trade that passed north through the Pillars of Hercules and the Moroccan export wheat at better prices. Moreover, this time Ceuta received the caravans of gold and ivory trade that Lisboetas wanted to dominate, and it was feared the capture of the city by the Castilian or Aragonese rival Sevilla Barcelona. The alliance with Britain, one of its largest customers, is pursued.

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon III


Lisbon, the Lady of the Seas

Several expeditions were undertaken with Portuguese crews, which discovered the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries. Some will even argue that arrived in Brazil. These islands allow the establishment of new cities, ports, useful for exploring new markets.

The prosperity of Lisbon is threatened when the Ottoman Empire invades and conquers the Arab territories in North Africa, Egypt and Middle East in the fifteenth century. The Turks are initially hostile to the interests of Lisbon and its allied Venice and Genoa, and the trade in spices, gold, ivory and other goods suffers heavily. The merchants of Lisbon, many descendants of Jews or Muslims with ties to North Africa, looking react to negotiate directly with the sources of these goods, without using mediators Muslims. Links from Portuguese and Maghreb Jews, and the conquest of Ceuta, allow Lisbon merchants from spying Arab merchants, discovering that gold, slaves and ivory caravans come to Morocco in the Sahara Desert, from the land of Sudan (which at that time included all the southern desert grasslands, the current Sahel), and spices such as pepper are brought into the ports of the Red Sea in Egypt from India. The new strategy of the Portuguese merchants, Christians and Jews, Italians and Portuguese-is navigate directly to the source material.

The major driver of this objective is the Infante D. Henrique, based on the city of Tomar. Headquarters of the Order of Christ (former Templar), and a large community of Jewish merchants, the city is also very connected to Lisbon by trade in cereals and nuts (one of the main exports of Lisbon). Capital and knowledge of the East by the Knights Templar and Jews were undoubtedly fundamental to achieve the purposes of the Lisbon merchants. The Infante Dom Henrique is the booster of a project that was not what he imagined, but the merchants of Lisbon. Those that supported through monarchy taxes and customs fees, making it virtually independent of the noble territorial resources, convert them to their mercantilist purposes. The Prince Henrique is the organizer of a certain state dirigisme: the big risk and capital required for the opening of new routes need the cooperation of all merchants across the state (as today many large capital projects are undertaken internationally). The Infante Dom Henrique organizes and directs the efforts of the Portuguese ships to reach the sources of gold, ivory and slaves, that they themselves have waged inefficiently. With the capital of the Order of Christ, are founded schools sailors and concentrates resources and knowledge, the merchants Lisboetas Jews, Portuguese-Portugal-Venetian or Genoese, to achieve the objective. Several expeditions are launched in the form of contracts with some of the most influential bourgeois Lisbon, until the Gulf of Guinea is finally reached by 1460.

At this time there is a new attempt by feudal nobles Northerners who remained, to retake control of United, frightened by the growing prosperity of the merchants lisboetas against their loss of income. The purpose is to ease the conquest of Ceuta, which opens prospects for relatively easy victories over North Africa. This company would be favorable to the nobles who serve and gain more land and tenants in Morocco, but it is contrary to the interests of the merchants and nobles-Jews of Lisbon, who would be paying extra taxes needed for expeditions and looking before investing forces and resources of the Kingdom in the discovery of new African and Asian markets and not in further increasing the power of the hostile and pro-Castilian nobility Portucalense. All fights that D. John II maintained against these nobles, with the help of merchants Lisboetas, express this underlying reality of struggle between Lisbon and the North, the former Portucale, birthplace of the nation, by the definition of the direction of the country. After several plots and incidents, in which once again the noble northerners call to aid their counterparts Castellanos, wins again Lisbon and its merchants, and the ringleaders are executed, including the Dukes of Bragança and Viseu, died in 1483 and 1484. All expansion projects are abandoned land in Africa in exchange for trade in newly discovered lands to the south. After the death of Prince Henry, when the path was already open, start up the private sector. The Lisbon merchant Fernão Gomes is the first and being recognized monopoly on African trade in 1469, in exchange for discovery of 500 kilometers of coastline to the South each year and 200,000 reais.

The islands of Madeira and the Azores are populated, and programs for cultivating commercial products are deployed primarily to Lisbon: the cane sugar and wine. In newfound Guinea, cheap products like metal pots and tissues are exchanged for gold, ivory and slaves from factories controlled by lisboetas: the natives to move his business to trade with Europeans, but are not won since is costly. They make up the inhabitants of factories marriages with the daughters of local leaders, facilitating exchanges: the objective is profit and not colonization. The result is a boost for trade in Lisbon. In the capital appear cane sugar and Madeira wine, wheat Ceuta, musk, indigo and other dyes for clothing, cotton North Africa and significant quantities of gold from Guinea and the Gold Coast, largely missing in Europe in the late fifteenth century. Also are trafficked slaves brutally Berbers Canaries and then Africans. The first slaves are distributed by Portuguese territory, and appear the first dark-skinned Africans even in the hinterlands, the properties purchased by you. An innovative product were the peppers. These were spicy fruits grown in India (where they were taken by merchants Lisboetas) but originate from Guinea. Well this quickly monopoly Lisbon won favor in Mediterranean cuisine.

However the best markets and products would come from another discovery, India and East. The war between the Ottoman Empire and Venice greatly increases the prices of pepper and other spices and silk brought to Italy by the Venetians, to Lisbon and thence to the rest of Europe from Egypt (who received boats from India Arabian Sea Red. To circumvent the "Turkish problem" is organized voyage of Vasco da Gama, again on the initiative of merchants Lisboetas but with regal capital, which arrives in India in 1498. Hence the merchants reach where China founded the colony trade Macau, the islands of Indonesia today, and Japan before the end of the sixteenth century. way in establishing contracts and commercial ports of call with the chiefs and kings in Angola and Mozambique. A large colonial empire is consolidated by Afonso de Albuquerque, whose gun safe and Indian Ocean ports in convenient locations for merchants from Lisbon against competition from the Turks and Arabs. territories are not taken but only ports and strong trade with the natives. Across the world, Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives in Brazil in 1500.

The result for Lisbon are the new products it sells to the rest of Europe, exclusively for many years beyond the product arrives African pepper, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, herbs, cotton and diamonds by the Career das Naus India, spices from the Moluccas, the Ming porcelain and silk from China, slaves from Mozambique, Brazil wood and Brazilian sugar. Furthermore continues the trade in fish (salted cod fishery in Newfoundland), dried fruit and wine. The other Portuguese cities such as Lagos and Port, contribute to the foreign trade only marginally, practically limited to export and import of Lisbon. The control Lisboetas still very trade Antwerp, which care fabrics for the rest of Europe. The German and Italian merchants, seeing their routes, land in the first case, to the Mediterranean seconds, largely abandoned, found large business houses in Lisbon re-exporting products worldwide for East Europe and the Middle East.

Lisbon is the market for luxury tastes of elites across Europe: Venice and Genoa up and ruin England and the Netherlands are obliged to imitate the Portuguese to halt the loss of foreign exchange. The Lisboetas control for several decades all trade from Japan to Ceuta. The city earns fame that comes myth, and in the sixteenth century is undoubtedly the richest city in the whole world. For her flock traders from across Europe, in addition to large numbers African slaves and even some Indian, Chinese and even Japanese and Brazilian Indians. In the time of King Manuel I, on the streets of Lisbon feasts are made with parades of lions, elephants, rhinos, camels and other animals not seen in Europe since the time of the Roman Circus. A rhinoceros and an elephant arriving even being offered to Pope Leo X (see Castle If). In Europe the myth of Lisbon and its discoveries is so great that when Thomas More invents its island of Utopia, try to give it credibility by saying that the Portuguese were to discover it.

To organize all private trade and collect taxes, are created in the capital of the great sixteenth century Portuguese trading houses: the House of Mina, the House of Arguin, the House of Slaves, the House of Flanders (Netherlands) and the famous house of India. The big profits are used in the construction of other buildings: are this century Jeronimos Monastery and Belem Tower in New Manueline style (which evokes trade overseas), the Forte de São Lourenço Bugoi an island in the Tagus, Palace Square, the new and imposing Royal Palace (destroyed in 1755) and Arsenal military all built by the Sea (of straw), and even the Royal Hospital de Todos-os-Santos, and numerous private palaces and manor houses. The impetus for paving the streets with geometric shapes and designs formed by cubes of white limestone and black basalt (a cobblestone) was initiated at the time a luxury that other European cities could not afford. The city expanded to reach almost 200,000 inhabitants, being built Bairro Alto, initially known as Vila Nova Andrades in honor of the rich bourgeois Galicians who settled there, and that quickly becomes the richest neighborhood in town. It opened in 1552 at the Flea Market, which still functions today in the same location.

To organize all private trade and collect taxes, are created in the capital of the great sixteenth century Portuguese trading houses: the House of Mina, the House of Arguin, the House of Slaves, the House of Flanders (Netherlands) and the famous House of India. The big profits are used in the construction of other buildings: are this century Jeronimos Monastery and Belem Tower in New Manueline style (which evokes trade overseas), the Forte de São Lourenço Bugoi an island in the Tagus, Palace Square, the new and imposing Royal Palace (destroyed in 1755) and Arsenal military all built by the Sea (the straw), and even the Royal Hospital de Todos-os-Santos, and numerous private palaces and manor houses. The impetus for paving the streets with geometric shapes and designs formed by cubes of white limestone and black basalt (a cobblestone) was initiated at the time a luxury that other European cities could not afford. The city expanded to reach almost 200,000 inhabitants, being built Bairro Alto, initially known as Vila Nova Andrades in honor of the rich bourgeois Galicians who settled there, and that quickly becomes the richest neighborhood in town. It opened in 1552 at the Flea Market, which still functions today in the same local.Culturalmente lives in Lisbon in the sixteenth century the golden generation of Portuguese Science and Letters: the humanist among scientists Damiao de Gois (friend of Erasmus and Luther) the mathematician Pedro Nunes, the physician and botanist Garcia da Orta and Duarte Pacheco Pereira; among writers Luís de Camões, Bernardim Ribeiro, Gil Vicente and others. Isaac Abravanel, one of the greatest philosophers Hebrews, is appointed Treasurer of the King

Socially benefit all classes. The nobles of the city administration and the bourgeois Real are the most benefited, but even the people living with unattainable luxuries for the English, French or German contemporaries. The heavy work required is done by African slaves and the Galicians. The first are sold in Pillory Square, separated families, and work all day without pay, subject to some brutal treatment. The latter certainly made up for the trip to face miserable conditions of rural Spain, and the virtually identical language facilitated integration.

The Jews always include some poor and others who are among the most educated and wealthy merchants, and financial literate city. The first book printed in Lisbon was the comments about the Pentateuch of Moses ben Nahman, a book in Hebrew, published by Eliezer Toledano in 1489. In 1496 the Spaniards expel the Jews from its territory, animated by the spirit of a fundamentalist Christian Monarchy exclusively. Many come to Lisbon, probably having doubled its population (after the expulsion would be one-fifth of Lisboetas or even more). In exchange for a royal wedding, the Catholic kings of Castile and Aragon ask Manuel I of Portugal to do the same, which takes place in 1497. Acknowledging the central importance of the Jews in the city's prosperity, Dom Manuel decrees that all Jews to convert to Christianity, was forced to expel those who refuse only, not before the expropriation of their property. [8] For many years these new Christians practicing Judaism in secret or openly and despite riots and violence against them (how many children are torn from their parents and given to Christian families who treat them like slaves) are tolerated until the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal, many years later. The result is the rise of the New Christian social temporarily, without the limitation of being Jewish, progress to the highest office of the court. Again the old elites are descendants of the ancient aristocracy of Asturias and Galicia (the nobles of Portucale) that create problems for the social ascent of Jews, often better educated and more skilled than the first. Ill-telling of the Christian Old culminates in the massacre of Christian-New in 1506 prompted by the Priors of the smaller churches in which some 3,000 people have been killed. As a result of the conflict, the king is persuaded by the territorial nobles to introduce the Inquisition (which only takes place in 1531 during the reign of his son and successor King John III |) and legal limitations to all descendants of New Christians ( similar to the old against the Jews), which prevent them from threatening the senior positions of the state of the Aristocracy Old Christians. The first auto-da-fe (death of heretics at the stake) is held at the Palace Square in 1540. Besides the Inquisition other problems arise. In 1569 there is the great Plague of London, which has a third of the population died.

The inquisition on fire kills many New Christians but expropriating the property and wealth of many others. Many merchants are Christian-old also expropriated after an anonymous tip false, that the inquisitors accept as valid as the riches they revert to the condemned. On the other hand few merchants would not have New Christian ancestry, due to marriages common among children of burghers who were partners in major companies. The Inquisition thus becomes an instrument of social control in the possession of the former Old Christians against almost all merchants Lisboetas, finally restoring to them the supremacy long lost.

It is in this climate of intolerance and persecution, in which the profits of the risks and the genius of successful merchants is undone by jealousy of the big landowners (who earn much less), that the prosperity of Lisbon is destroyed. The old liberal climate conducive to trade disappears and is replaced by a fanatical Catholic conservatism and absolute. The elites of the country requires the blood pure and ancient Old Christian, ie North. Many merchants fleeing to England or the Netherlands where they settle spreading the knowledge of the Portuguese naval and cartographic. Lisbon is taken by the feudal mentality of the great nobles, merchants and Portuguese, unconditional stability, security, support and credit due to the persecutions of the Inquisition, are unable to compete with the English and Dutch merchants (many of them of Portuguese origin) they rob the markets of India, the East Indies and China. In its place elites Portucale convince the feeble King, D. Sebastian turned to the conquest of a territorial empire, with more land and revenues for Noble, North Africa, enabling them to maintain economic supremacy compared to merchants. After the disaster of military Alcazarquivir in 1578, the Aristocrats gather up arms once more to their like-minded counterparts Castilians. This time successful, in 1580 the Spanish King Philip II of Spain is declared Don King Philip I of Portugal, after defeating the candidate of the weakened merchants, the Prior of Crato, Dom António (which was new and more liberal Christian, son of Jewish mother). Philippe full well the ambition of his father Habsburg King Carlos I of Spain also Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany), and Lord of most of Italy and the Netherlands famously claimed that If I were King of Lisbon, would be in soon King of the World.


Filipino Domain and The Gold of Brazil for tomorrow on Lisbon History IV

and sorry for my bad English

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon IV


Filipino Domain

Philip I of Portugal, the first Portuguese Hapsburg, is thus the first king of Hispania. Although since 1492 the Catholic monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon have dominated what is now Spain, the title of King of the Spains was initially used to when Philip II conquered Portugal and so, in fact, all the Spains.

Philip I initially attempts to reconcile the interests of the nobility in acquiring more territories in Europe, the Clergy in defeating the Protestants and the bourgeoisie to eliminate competition and piracy of English and Dutch. All boats capable of military action Lisbon, Seville and Barcelona are brought together in Armada that is sent against England. Due to a major storm and the expertise of British Admirals, the fleet is destroyed. This defeat finally converts the King of Nobility territorial interests. Large armies (the Thirds) mercenaries, paid by merchants and aristocrats controlled by large de sangre pure-Old Christian, as the Duke of Alba, are trained and cross Europe to take the cities and fertile lands of the Netherlands for the benefit Calvinists Nobility of that.

Meanwhile the Dutch and English dominate the seas, and unable to win the Spanish territorial empires of Mexico and Peru, concentrate on taking the factories, ports and coastal colonies of the Portuguese, who traffic in Lisbon. Ports are taken northeastern Brazil, Luanda in Angola, ports of East Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, Malacca and the Moluccas, the island of Taiwan, trade license in Japan and other ports.

Lisbon, with its merchants already under persecution of the Inquisition (which expropriate the crypt o-Jews and even genuine Christians), lost much of its fleet in the disaster of the Armada and they paid very high taxes to support the armies of the Spanish nobles in Europe , now loses most of its ports and products and is finally and irreversibly ruined, rapidly losing importance. In 1598 the catastrophe is deepened by an earthquake and pestilence. Finally Philip II of Portugal becomes exclusively Philip III of Spain and then your only son Philip IV of Spain when, on the advice of the Castilian nobility and the Portuguese territorial acquiescence of Nobles, absorbs the United Kingdom of Portugal from Spain. Lisbon, the great cosmopolitan city is now a provincial town without any influence with the great Spanish thoroughbred, then the governing conservative and fundamentalist Catholic Madrid. At this time the city loses population and economic activity, reducing the population to less than 150,000.

The buildings of this period fall into two categories: defenses against pirates from the north, and the religious buildings that appeal to loyalty to universal Catholic monarchy sought by the King were built Turret a massive building near the Palace Square, which has not survived the 1755 earthquake, the Convent de São Vicente de Fora, new walls with new provisions according to the military engineering of the era, such as the Tower Bugoi an island in the Sea of ??Silver, and fortifications in Cascais, and in Setúbal margin The South English and Dutch pirates, such as Francis Drake, make several attacks on some squares Portuguese, but do not dare to attack Lisbon.

With the economic decline and unemployment increases much misery and crime. The Spanish authorities are obliged to introduce a kind of police force, the sergeants who patrol the streets and control street crime, fights, gambling and witchcraft. According to some chronicles of the time, the murder rate in the early seventeenth century would be even higher, a city of 150,000 people, as today in Lisbon with 2,500,000.

The problems in the city for trade increase when the Catalans, as a people merchant of Lisbon, also oppressed by taxes Castilian, revolt in 1636. Is Portugal to Madrid comes require men and funds to defeat the Catalans in an attempt to use the of Portugal against Catalonia.

It is then that the merchants of the city are allied to small and middle nobility. They try to convince the Duke of Braganza, Dom João, to accept the throne, but this, like the rest High Nobility, is enjoyed by Madrid and only the prospect of becoming the King finally convinces. The conspirators beset the Governor's Palace, hailing the new King John IV, initially with the support of Cardinal Richelieu of France, and then resumed the old alliance with England.

The gold of Brazil

The Lisbon post-Restoration is a city increasingly dominated by Catholic religious orders. More than 40 monasteries are founded in the city in addition to the 30 existing ones. The second and third sons who receive no inheritance from his father, and before that was engaged in trade and businesses overseas, now take refuge in religious orders and live at the expense of alms-giving.

The situation of economic ruin is finally resolved, not by successful projects, but by colonial exploitation: Gold is discovered in Brazil, the current state of Minas Gerais. The Portuguese state tax charges as one-fifth of the gold mined, which begins to arrive in Lisbon in 1699 and whose revenues come quickly to several tons per year (more than 15 tons after 1730), representing almost the entire state budget.

With gold, typical works of social forces in power, the clergy and the aristocracy, are built in the new style of the Counter-Reformation, the Baroque, including the National Pantheon (or Church of Santa Engracia), several palaces and some works useful, as the Aqueduct of the Free Waters (1720).

In contrast to the wealth of the elites, the people live in poverty. The population grows with the need for hand labor for construction, to 185,000. This period are the first descriptions of Lisbon as a city dirty and degraded, only two centuries after it was known as the most prosperous and cosmopolitan Europe.

This period ends on 1 November 1755, All Saints Day, which occurs in the great Lisbon earthquake. At nine hours and forty minutes the earth begins to shake, and after about a minute, returns to calm, followed by new tremor. The population rushes to the squares with space along the river Tagus, to die drowned by the huge tsunami that comes from the Atlantic. After the earthquake, Lisbon is in ruins. The great Turret Real, Casa de Indias, the Convent do Carmo, the Court of the Inquisition, the Hospital de Todos-os-Santos are destroyed. Of the 20,000 houses of the lower classes, less solid construction, 17,000 are destroyed. Survive the rich Bairro Alto, some solid stone buildings and few other areas. Here are looting and a huge fire. In the end, of 180,000 inhabitants, more than 35,000 have died and many others lost their entire property. Is this catastrophe that gives space to the Marquis of Pombal trying to implement reforms in Portugal scientific and liberals already used successfully in Europe, the new political and economic theories of the Enlightenment.

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon V

Age of Enlightenment

The Marquis of Pombal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Minister of War and Foreign Affairs and coming from the Lower Nobility, famously reacted to the ruins of the earthquake, have said that it was necessary to bury the dead, care for the living and build the city. An idea that will then develop in the economy and society. The Church's power is limited and their phalanx, the Jesuits, is expelled from the country. The power of the landed aristocracy conservative is brutally suppressed a series of conspiracies and counter-conspiracies, which end with the cruel execution of the family that heads the reaction, the Távora. These would have been responsible for an attack on the King Joseph I of Portugal in an effort to proclaim the conservative Duke of Aveiro King, and dismiss Pombal, although there are historians who contend that this charge will not last a farce manipulated by the Marquis himself for personal reasons. The Inquisition is abolished and the New Christians, even then being the most liberal and educated middle classes of the city and the country, are freed from their legal limitations and is finally allowed them access to high government positions, previously legal monopoly the aristocracy of "pure blood". The industry is supported dirigiste but something so strong, and established several royal factories in Lisbon and other cities, we thrive. After the period "Pombalino" for 20 new plants for every one that previously existed. Finally the various taxes and duties within Portugal, harmful to trade are eliminated. In all these purposes, Pombal relies on donations and loans from Lisbon traders and industrialists.

In Lisbon, the Marquis, refusing the advice of some who want to move the capital to another city, ordering the reconstruction according to the new theories of urban organization, after ordering a review of the actual situation through an unprecedented population survey. It's still the income from the Brazilian colony that pays almost all the reconstruction, with over 20 million crossed. The city also receives aid from countries like England, Spain and German Hansa, filling up of shipbuilding. Most of the Portuguese nobility and aristocracy took refuge on their farms on the outskirts of Lisbon. The King settles into a makeshift wooden palace, the Royal Tent, while the new stone began to be erected in Bethlehem so still a region outside the city of Lisbon. The large volume of works happens, however, in the center of the old city, with the design of a new project for the downtown, the neighborhood hardest hit by the earthquake. This is designed by Eugenio dos Santos and Carlos Mardel and approved by the Marquis and it fits the spirit of the Enlightenment era and pragmatic: the narrow streets are replaced by wide straight streets arranged orthogonally. These would not only proper street lighting and ventilation (aeration), as aufeririam more security (patrolling, access to buildings in case of fire and to prevent the spread of fire across the street, etc.).. The buildings were also targeted to build a consistent policy, and the team set designer design of the facades, the rules of construction of the structure of buildings and developed a set of other rules for the production of a housing able to cope better one possible earthquake, as well as redesigning the social structure of the city of Lisbon, giving it a new slant to the commercial city. The innovative structure selected consisted of a wooden skeleton (a Pombaline cage), a rectangular grid with locks its diagonals (cross Sto. Andre) where it is sought that the flexibility to adapt the timber to the overhead caused by the earthquake without the structure broke. This wooden structure would be based on a foundation of masonry (which correspond to the first floor of the dwelling, for shops, offices and warehouses) with arches barrel vault, which would give weight to the set. All buildings in the area of ​​Lower assentariam a pine pilings that would give more strength to the sandy soil of Lower and ensure the effective transfer of the weight of the buildings to the ground without it surrendered. The new buildings were rental horizontal, being prioritized in importance and quality of its proximity to the street (usually the top floor has lower ceilings, balconies common, smaller windows, smaller divisions, etc.. And be dedicated to families with fewer possessions ). All buildings have walls of masonry fire walls to separate them from each other. The standardization of facades, windows, doors, tiles simple geometric patterns in the hall, etc.. permit the acceleration of the construction process through the serial production of these elements out of the site. The entire set has proportions and classical rules of composition, using the golden ratio. The structuring of the new town center would be the Rua Augusta that would connect the northern limit of the city, Rossio, and the southern limit, the Palace Square, where a provision of monumental buildings, the Rua Augusta Arch, a monument to the king and the Tagus close the square, contribute to the design of what is intended to be the new heart of the commercial activity of the rebuilt city of Lisbon. The buildings of the Palace Square would be used for installation of warehouses and large business houses would be expected to return to surface and animate the plaza, but after several years of abandonment were eventually occupied by ministries, courts, Arsenal Navy, Customs Purse and, in the reign of King Maria I.

At the north end, parallel to Rossio, was designed a new market, which ultimately never be built, the square having been originally known as Square New or Herb, now called Praça da Figueira.

Unlike the wishes and hopes of the Marquis of Pombal and his team rebuild the city takes much longer than expected, having just completed its reconstruction in 1806. To this is due in large part to poor financial capacity of the bourgeoisie of a city in crisis. After all, and in the renewal policy of the Portuguese economy, signs are emerging slowly developing. Moderately until the city grows to 250,000 inhabitants in all geographical directions, occupying the new quarters of the Star, Mouse, then the new industrial center of the city polarized around the recent source of supply of water brought by aqueduct (new ceramic factories), Alcantara, Help, Firefighters, and Amoreiras (where were the new factories Silk, whose worms are fed the leaves of the tree). The Prime Minister tries in every way to encourage the middle classes, who saw it as essential to the country's development and progress. Are formed early Luso-cafes owned by Italians: some survive today such time as Martinho da Arcada in the Palace Square, the Nicola on Rossio, whose owner Liberal illuminated the facade after each victory progressive politics, among others. Surge of the habit among the bourgeois social soirees richest, with the unprecedented participation of women in the conservative Nobility is not participating. It thus appears that in Lisbon again the middle class bourgeois self, composed of New Christians and Old Christians from the People, the origin of political movements by Liberalism and the Republic, which manifest themselves in the new capital of Newspapers.

Pombal would be fired after the death of Don José, and the ascension to the throne of very religious Dona Maria I of Portugal, whose major contribution was the Basilica da Estrela. Advised by Clergy and Nobles by conservatives, and dismiss the prime minister sought to limit and even reverse some of its progressive reforms, in a movement called the Viradeira. It follows the deterioration of economic conditions had improved that much time Pombalino, and budgetary problems. To deal with the crime and misery growing again, is created under the leadership of Police Diogo Pina Manique in 1780. Renova is political persecution this time in the form secular: Police chases, arrests, torture and expelled all progressives: Freemasons, liberals and Jacobins; newspapers are subject to censorship; many works of philosophers or liberal Protestants prohibited and cafes watched by plainclothes policemen. The culture is controlled and all manifestations are less Catholic outlawed, including the ancient Carnival. Only Theatre is stimulated with the construction in 1793 of the Teatro São Carlos in Chiado, which replaces the Opera destroyed during the earthquake. It is, however, financed by private enterprise.

Tomorrow Civil War: Liberals and Conservatives From the American revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte to the first world war.

[Duke of Buckingham]

I can not edit this thread. Is there any problem?

[Duke of Buckingham]

:-h Now I can edit the posts again. Thanks for the help. :-bd

[Duke of Buckingham]

Whether good times or bad......God's creatures, human and animal.....all have a purpose in life.

You must live something higher, bigger and better ... just like you.


http://easycareinc.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83451606969e201053688415a970c-800wi

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.motifake.com/image/demotivational-poster/1201/computer-crash-cat-computer-crash-mouse-email-demotivational-posters-1327684822.jpg

Lazy Duke still has friends
http://cl.jroo.me/z3/S/d/6/d/a.baa-Sleep-Guard-Dog.jpg

[artemis8]

man, that dog looks mean!

[Duke of Buckingham]

man, that dog looks mean!

No not to me. Nice dog with a nice smile. One more for you ...

http://niceteeth.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/funny-dog-teeth.jpg?w=500

[Duke of Buckingham]

Tudo vale a pena se a ALMA não é pequena.

Everything worthwhile if the SOUL is not small.

http://en.es-static.us/upl/2012/02/alma1.jpeg

To ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array).

[Duke of Buckingham]

Nice page from History channel.

http://www.history.com/shows/vikings/videos/vikings-rites-of-passage?et_cid=52685189&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fshows%2fviki ngs%2fvideos%2fvikings-rites-of-passage

[Duke of Buckingham]

Marvão a nice place to visit.

Castle Marvão, Alentejo, located in the village and parish of Santa Maria de Marvão, Marvão county, district Portalegre in Portugal.

The castle is part of the Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, on the northern slope of the mountain, in a dominant position over the village and strategic streak on the border line, controlling in the past, the Sever river crossing, a tributary of the Tagus River. This fact earned it the attention of several monarchs, expressed in several remodeling campaigns, which gave this monument its current appearance.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_S8l6mxw8Vsg/TKhBNy1bG1I/AAAAAAAACc8/2ObDd-bi8O8/s1600/Marv%C3%A3o.JPG

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S8l6mxw8Vsg/TKhAgL00SmI/AAAAAAAACcs/EpiQ7u_FbOk/s1600/Marv%C3%A3o+3.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/CastillodeMarvao.jpg

http://www.cm-marvao.pt/images/artigos/Turismo/chegar_deslocar-se/Picture%201.png

[Duke of Buckingham]

Duke's lurking day ...
https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3474/3920917556_767eb5d167_b.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon VI

Civil War: Liberals and Conservatives

At the end of the eighteenth century, with the American Revolution of 1776, gain weight liberal ideas throughout Europe. In France the Revolution Pops in 1789. In Lisbon liberals rejoice in the defeat of the French aristocracy. Quickly radicalized the Revolution in Paris, falling in the hands of the extreme left and the centrist Napoleon Bonaparte is called to power by Bourgeoisie scared, eventually self nominate Emperor. His policy in Europe is the continental block, ie the prohibition of trade with England. Ally of this country, Portugal refused Napoleon sent Junot at the head of a large army to conquer the country.

Junot comes in Lisbon on November 30, 1807. The Portuguese Royal Family, aristocracy and high clergy had fled the day before to Brazil. Junot is initially well received by the people of Lisbon and sets up the Palace of Queluz. New ideas are discussed by the liberal bourgeoisie of Lisbon with French officers in the cafes of the city, in particular in Nicola Rossio cafe, which establishes the French headquarters. Everyone expects the further reforms of the Marquis of Pombal, but Junot not want to stimulate radical ideas and does nothing. Portugal is a country once considered the divide: Lisbon would be directly incorporated into the French Empire, while the old Portucale would be resurrected in the Kingdom of Northern Lusitania.

The lack of reforms and the violent behavior of the French soldiers leads ultimately to the Supreme Join Government asking for the help of England. It is sent an expeditionary force led by Beresford and Wellesley, and the French outnumbered, are forced to retire at the end of 1808 coming in simultaneously, following a withdrawal agreement, the British in the city where they settle in Arroios. Lisbon suffered economically with the opening of the ports of Brazil to England. The British receive a D. John VI, residing in Rio de Janeiro, government control of the city and country, who run like a colony. The bourgeois party in France are run. Are then constructed defenses in access to capital in Torres Vedras, where from the time of the Romans ended the territory of Lisbon. There is defeated and forced to withdraw the new French invasion force led by André Masséna, in 1811. It would leave the English and some Portuguese under General Wellington to liberate Spain. Napoleon is finally defeated in 1815.

With the Lisbon bourgeois oppression under the British, are the bourgeois of Porto taking control of the city and rebel against British colonialism and the Liberalism in 1820, followed by Lisbon to joining expelling the British governors in a coup. The Courts are convened by the Liberals and promulgated a constitution is 1822, a Charter of Rights, and the end of the privileges of the nobility and clergy. The king's son, D. Miguel de Portugal heads the Conservative Reactionaries absolutists, and starts the Civil War, against the forces of the Revolutionary Liberal Constitutionalists his brother Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, after Pedro IV of Portugal. Is Dom Pedro who wins the war in 1834, but the Constitution is enacted more conservative than expected. However it presents some (few) liberal reforms such as the abolition of the religious orders, and the expropriation of many goods of the Catholic Church, which had supported the Miguelistas. Disillusioned with Don Pedro, no new conspiracy in Lisbon in the year 1836, the Setembristas (petty bourgeoisie and literati) require that the Constitution of 1822, and then the opposite direction, two coups of absolutists, in 1836 and 1837. The country is divided into two radical groups that refuse converse with one another. In this environment of chaos, the great powers of the U.S. plan to divide the colonies and provinces.

In the period of Liberal government (1820-1842) is marked by wars and guerrilla yet are introduced various reforms and developments. It finally implemented the old project of lighting the city, existing in many private homes of the bourgeoisie, between the years 1823 and 1837. Initially with oil lamps, but later with fish oil, will be replaced by gas lamps in 1848. Also constructed is a new network of roads, and are introduced steamships connecting Lisbon to Porto by the sea. Plans are made to launch the railways, but the war with the Conservatives not allow it, and the first section, between Lisbon and Uploaded only be opened in 1856.

This period is marked by the loss of some economic viability of Lisbon. The Brazil becomes independent and its products and gold no longer flow to the Capital. During the Cabralismo noble titles are assigned to many big bourgeois, for compromise, with some success, with the Conservative party. After his loss of earnings from Brazil dependence on state becomes attractive and leisure class fears competition and supports the artificial and rigid social divisions. It is at this time that multiply the Barons and Viscounts off of landed property, many hereditary but many others are restricted to the life of the beneficiary, receiving rents from the state or engaged in corrupt politics of the time. The great territorial aristocracy gains the habit of spending the winter in Lisbon, heading for its solar only in summer however is the people who suffer most from the wars and the loss of Brazil: a city stagnates and loses importance and the fifth most populous Europe moves to the tenth and continues to descend. The jobs become more precarious and poverty increases again.

Tomorrow Lisbon between Europe and Africa. America, Africa and Europe connections with Lisbon.

[DrPop]

Fascinating to see it from your perspective, from the other side of the pond. :) Thanks, looking forward to the next installment of The History of Lisbon!

[Duke of Buckingham]

Well that is not my point of view, it only my translation over some points of view of some world historians and there are a lot of sources for this articles. I will give you some sources about the final text:

http://books.google.com/books?id=wHK-a4Y4EesC&pg=PA15&dq=ippo+ipo&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=OTRpYxP8MOSJN83mJjXfbDGIaZE
http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/pubs/RPA/v8n2/folder/193-214.pdf
http://libro.uca.edu/mckenna/pagan1.htm
http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm
http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/amm/02148765/articulos/MILT9696110067A.PDF
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cap-lisbon.html
http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/pessoais/cruzado_lisboa.html
From Maria Antonieta Garcia; OS JUDEUS DE BELMONTE, OS CAMINHOS DA MEMÓRIA; Instituto de Sociologia e Etnologia das Religiões, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 1993

And is published on this terms of use:
http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use

I tried with my poor English to give the best life and divulgation on this text and will still post 2 or 3 more but I am still learning, aren't we all. :D

Thanks DrPop for noticing my effort to spread the word about my city.

Is there any history you wanted me to write about? :o

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon VII

Lisbon between Europe and Africa

After finishing the wars and conflicts between conservatives and liberals, Lisbon, having lost the gold and monopoly of products from Brazil, the source of all their wealth since the end of the sixteenth century was in a desperate economic situation. In northern Europe, the nations began industrialization, and enriched with the trade of the Americas (England would dominate the Brazilian market) and Asia. The delay of Portugal seemed irreversible.

Unable to definitely defeat the Liberals, and frightened by the economic disaster that conservative policies had led Portugal since the sixteenth century, in contrast to the success of liberal England, France and the Netherlands, the Conservatives who dominated the country and the capital ceded partially . Limited reforms would be allowed in exchange for keeping the spirit Catholic, rural, conservative and political power be kept in the hands of large landowners. Elections would be held but only by those qualified by hefty property. The patronage of the State would be shared with the new class and were granted titles to the big bourgeois and capitalist. However remained privileges and state subsidies to the ruling classes, and industrialization would be limited to these interests.

In this period Lisbon is poor and dirty when compared to cities of northern Europe. Almost all its commercial importance comes down to maintaining monopoly on the products of the Portuguese colonies, especially Angola and Mozambique. The country itself is described in London, Paris and Berlin as an extension of North Africa, ie a territory unable to govern themselves. Begin the first emigrations no longer govern and direct to other lands, but rather to work from the lowest social scale: leave for Brazil many thousands of poor people of Lisbon. Given the poverty and backwardness of most of the country arises in Lisbon a very rich upper class who, as if blind, spends and behaves as if it belonged to the elite of northern Europe, while ruling a country rural and backward, bowed by protectionism economic, lack of education and health care provided by the state. With decreasing importance of land as a factor of wealth, nobility and gentry territorial orbit the Royal Court, luxuriously living allowances and salaries distributed through this with the taxes collected to the poor. Establishes a regime "of mild manners," where cease the persecution, but also reform, and corruption is routine and almost always go unpunished.

Among the inert and corrupt rulers, there are some who best understand the need for change. Fontes Pereira de Melo is the minister who fight for more economic liberalization and industrialization. Several economic and industrial developments are encouraged.

A network of railways is built, connecting Lisbon to Porto and involved cities, from the two new train stations, the station of Santa Apolonia and Rossio Station. The electric light is deployed in 1878, replacing gas lighting. In urban terms, are created the first master plans. It is necessary to change the image of dirty capital that shocks visitors from northern Europe. The inhabitants are then encouraged to use tiles or paint the facades color pink, according to municipal guidelines (still dominate the center of town with many buildings rose tiles of this period). Also created are the first systems plumbing, sewage and water treatment, responding to cholera attacks that kill thousands. Using the new proletariat miserable, you can now recalcetar the old and new routes (including Rossio) as had been done on a smaller scale in the sixteenth century, with the old technique of cobblestone. Other important innovations are the cars "Americans" (collective passenger vehicles on rails pulled by horses), introduced in 1873 (in 1901 would be replaced by electric, which still exist today), lifts (funiculars and cable worm) that are installed in several of the hills after 1880.

The cultural and commercial center of the city then passes to the Chiado. With the old streets of the already occupied, the owners of new stores and clubs set up on the hill attached, which quickly turns. Here are founded the Club, Literary Guild as the famous stories of Eca de Queiroz, and frequented by Almeida Garrett, Ramalho Ortigão, Guerra Junqueiro, Alexandre Oliveira Martins and Herculano. Settle even clothing stores of Paris fashions and other luxury goods, style department stores Harrods of London or Paris from Galeries Lafayette and new Luso-Italian cafes, as Tavares and Cafe Chiado.

New buildings and roads open their new neighborhoods north of Lisbon, stimulated by the city backed by the bourgeoisie. In 1878 the Public Road is demolished and replaced in 1886 by the new Liberty Avenue, designed by Ressano Garcia. The Avenue has more than one kilometer and extends through farmland, anticipating urban sprawl. It is created from it throughout the urban central axis of the city (now expanding again in 2005). At the top of the avenue is built to Marques de Pombal Square, which run the new avenues of New Lisbon. New Avenues build these mansions elites of Lisbon, near the new public buildings such as the Liceu Camões (1907) and Alfredo da Costa Maternity (1909). The most important of these is the Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, northeast, ending in the new Praça Duque de Saldanha. Hence part to another great avenue, but today the Republic of Ressano Garcia initially. In the vicinity of this is the Campo Grande (then a field and not a Garden) and the new bullring Campo Pequeno, finished in 1892 in a style neomourisco. New neighborhoods are built nearby to plans similar to Pombaline: the neighborhood of Campo de Ourique westward and eastward of Estefania. Along the neighborhood's great new Estefania is built Dona Amelia Avenue (now Avenida Almirante Reis), linking it to the Martim Moniz. All these new buildings tranformam the city. The new geographical center of Lisbon's Baixa and the Marquis is just the location of the big stores. To the east lay up small middle class and the people, while to the west the higher middle classes and the wealthy bourgeoisie.

Culturally this is the period where bullfighting and fado change into a popular entertainment. To them we can joins the popular theater or musical theater (invented in Paris) that with the old and erudite comedies and dramas, dispute the new theaters of the capital. An entertainment typically Portuguese this time is the Oratory, where actors corrupt the ancient art of Father António Vieira sung in arguments, flowery and almost always superficial vying with prizes. Arise even the first large public gardens, imitating London's Hyde Park and the gardens of the German cities: the first is the Jardim da Estrela, where the bourgeois wandering on Saturdays and Sundays.

Occasionally the upper classes are now a mixture of noble conservatives who are reluctantly forced to accept some ideas and bourgeois liberals graduates who adhere to many conservative ideas. To them join the Brazilians, the poor and poorly educated immigrants who had grown rich in Brazil and returned to the city in craving acceptance in high social circles. Lisbon is the industrial center of the country (although its industrialization be minimal compared to England or Germany). The poorer classes Lisbon grow exponentially with the arrival of the first proletarians who work in the new factories. They often live in slums and degraded, where raging cholera and other diseases, working all day just to have enough to eat.

Liberals betrayed the middle class, whose taxes pay for the luxuries of the upper classes without receiving anything in return, renew into a new more radical liberal movement that threatens not only the old landowners but also the new barons and viscounts dependent of the capitalist State.

The alliance between the workers and the more educated middle classes comes the new Radical Liberalism, better known as Republicanism because of his opposition to the alliance of former Liberal Monarchist now dependent on the state (the bourgeois titrated) and Conservatives (old aristocracy) Monarchists: large capitalists, landowners and dependents of the court.

Tomorrow The Revolution of 1910. The period of the First Republic.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/maxim-machine-gun-pictures0.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://www.turnbacktogod.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/what-a-hug-can-do.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://b.vimeocdn.com/ps/484/656/4846564_75.jpg
Lisboa Irish Festival
Wallis Bird @ Lisboa Irish Festival from http://vimeo.com/lisboairishfestival


http://vimeo.com/62334289

Lisbon Irish Festival 2013, under the direction of Conor Gillen, celebrates Irish arts and culture, especially its music stands. Let's make known emerging talent of contemporary Irish music, as well as bring Portugal names already known to the public, all of which intersect the tradition with rock, punk, pop and electronic.

All major world capitals have their week mostly Irish and celebrate St. Patrick's Day in its genesis Although it is a religious holiday, there is much that has come to symbolize the union Irish around the world. But not only. It is a showcase of culture par excellence: music, literature, visual arts, food, drinks and good mood!

We decided to celebrate this union with the Irish Festival Lisbon.

The Irish Festival name Lisboa combines the city's festival stage and nationality highlighted. In addition, the acronym - LIF - reminds us of the river that passes in Dublin, Liffey, an analogy with the river flowing in Lisbon, the Tagus.

Get ready because in March the energy, talent and humor of Ireland come to Portugal to surprise, share and infect.

IN MARCH DINE IN DUBLIN, DANCE IN BELFAST AND SLEEP IN LISBON!

[Duke of Buckingham]

This is my life.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqxMXlqCFZw


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_jz5lSqKOs


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vx2u5uUu3DE

It's my life.

[Duke of Buckingham]

Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the strength, the patience, and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world.

Harriet Tubman

[Duke of Buckingham]

History of Lisbon VIII

The Revolution of 1910

With the emergence of compromise between the rightmost Liberals and conservatives over moderates, who spoke on Constitutional Monarchy, the lack of development and reforms still outstanding in the country led to more leftist wing or radical Liberals, constituted mainly by classes averages to recast its political objectives. Thus was born the Republican Party that advocated radical liberal reforms such as universal suffrage, the end of privileges to the Catholic Church and rents to the nobles, and above all the overthrow of a political elite increasingly discredited by corruption and incompetence. The country is indebted and is increasingly dependent on the Northern Countries. A catharses episode was undoubtedly the humiliation against the English Ultimatum, by an allied nation ( Pink Map crisis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Map ).

The conditions that made possible the rise to the power of the Republicans were mostly economic. In the late nineteenth century, there was a bit slow and vigorous industrialization in Portugal, but it was concentrated more than enough in Lisbon. Despite the country's people continue rural and mostly Catholic, and supporting the King and the Church, a new class is born in Lisbon (and to a lesser degree in Porto and Beira) sharing most progressive ideas: the proletariat. The large industry Lisbon is then the manufacture of tobacco, but there are also factories of textiles, glass, rubber and preserves, among many others. In total, at the end of the nineteenth century there would be many tens of thousands of workers in industries a total population of over 300,000 people. The first "industrial zones" are neighborhoods of Lisbon (Alcantara, Bom Successo and Santo Amaro) thanks to electricity production coming from Tagus Central. The living conditions for the new popular class of Lisbon are miserable. Coming in large numbers from rural areas with nothing settled in large slums on the outskirts of the city, and it is common for children to work long hours in factories. Others come in large groups from the same village, and settle in the abandoned fields in nuclei enclosed within the city, known for patios or backyards (very common in Grace). There were the first workers' districts, whose houses are built at minimal cost for entrepreneurs to attract work-power.

Then come the first unions, many of which are affiliated with anarchists. Instead of joining the new Marxist parties in other European countries, other workers gather around the middle classes and professionals (doctors and lawyers) of the Republican Party. As a result, the Party, very weak in the north of the country (with the exception of Porto), gained increasing influence in the capital. Despite championing the property and the free market, the Republicans promise better working conditions and social measures. However the upper classes still live in a society apart, and are not able to respond to new demands except with repression. The outcome measures are increasingly violent.

Alarmed elites impose the dictatorship in 1907 with João Franco, but it is too late. In 1908 the royal family suffers an attack that killed the King Don Carlos and Crowned Prince of Portugal, probably in an action performed by anarchists (who attack public figures in this period in Europe). In 1909 the workers of Lisbon organized extensive strikes. In 1910 Lisbon revolt finally. The city's population form barricades in the streets and are distributed weapons. The armies ordered to repress the revolution are dismembered by defections. The rest of the country follows the capital and accepted the republican regime then proclaimed, although still deeply rural, Catholic and conservative. It is proclaimed the First Republic.

Liberal measures are enacted: supporting social workers, with the creation of the welfare state, the right to strike, ending the privileges of the Church and nobility, right to divorce. Taxes are modified, a model that was based on contributions from workers and middle classes, to one that taxed the rich more.

Tomorrow The Republic. The last period and post about Lisbon.

[Duke of Buckingham]

How the Higgs Boson Might Spell Doom for the Universe

Under the simplest assumptions, the measured mass of the Higgs could mean the universe is unstable and destined to fall apart. But don’t worry—it won’t happen for billions of eons

By Saswato R. Das

http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/lhc-higgs-evidence_1.jpg

Physicists recently confirmed that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, the particle physics laboratory in Geneva, had indeed found a Higgs boson last July, marking a culmination of one of the longest and most expensive searches in science.

The finding also means that our universe could be doomed to fall apart. "If you use all the physics that we know now and you do what you think is a straightforward calculation, it is bad news," says Joseph Lykken, a theorist who works at the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois. "It may be that the universe we live in is inherently unstable."

More on http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-the-higgs-boson-might-spell-doom-for-the-universe&WT.mc_id=SA_CAT_BS_20130329

[Duke of Buckingham]

NICE

1292

Team crunching at NFS but it was not a good image I will post the link.

http://stats.free-dc.org/charts/teamdaily.php?proj=nfs&team=4

[Duke of Buckingham]

Gorgeous dawn

http://mocidadechicoxavier.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/moonlight.jpg

Each flower of light shining in the distance is a happy landing that awaits us beyond earthly battles. To achieve this it is necessary to descend to the valleys in human clothes of dense matter in order to weave the delicate wings of light rise up in their plans almost divine. Without the compassionate and merciful death, that would not be possible. Step by step, the traveler wins distances in the physical world. Likewise, thanks to the life-death, life-after-death disappear abysses that mediate between the sublime homes flying in breadth and tiny Earth where we are.

[Duke of Buckingham]

http://paperpkads.com/sms/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Happy-Easter-2013-300x241.jpg


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMc5dGw0vnU

[Duke of Buckingham]

When I wake up every morning, I start dreaming with my eyes open.

Dreams fill my world and my life, I wouldn't know how to live in another way.

Miracle is to give dreams the same energy and commitment that we give to our fears

http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m8nsc1XB1i1r6rgp2o1_500.png

[artemis8]

I hope you had a good Easter. For us we went to church, then my son searched for eggs, and we had a nice lunch (eggs, turkey sausage, blintzes, and fruit salad). Then my parents came over and we had an Easter dinner (ham (and chicken for me), au gratin potatoes, green bean casserole, rolls, and jello).

[Duke of Buckingham]

I hope you had a good Easter. For us we went to church, then my son searched for eggs, and we had a nice lunch (eggs, turkey sausage, blintzes, and fruit salad). Then my parents came over and we had an Easter dinner (ham (and chicken for me), au gratin potatoes, green bean casserole, rolls, and jello).

Me and my family had a nice day. We lunched lamb in the oven at dinner only tea and some sweets. I can see you and your family had a very good day.
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQUCaULpyjlvWqH6-FmqSMI7WbF5Ak_jMs9yZHIlW-G8XihX5TI

I have no pictures but it is more or less like this one.
http://2giga.net/gourmet4seasons/img_up/files/Kid%20Lamb%20on%20the%20oven.jpg

[Duke of Buckingham]

Today I am tired so I will dream with my eyes closed.

Believe in you.

Dreams are like stars...you may never touch them, but if you follow them they will lead you to your destiny.

Dreaming Duke